靈長目是哺乳綱的一目。全球現存約15科66屬346種,如加上亞種,則有623個種和亞種。四肢長、善於攀爬,手指和腳趾可以彎曲,眼睛寬大、朝前方;用手(有時也用腳)抓握東西,大拇指、大腳趾和其他手指或腳趾相對立,手指或腳趾的頂部長有扁平的指甲;大腦發達。
靈長目多生活在亞洲,非洲,中美和南美洲的熱帶、亞熱帶的森林中,少數種類分布可達海拔4000米左右的地區。靈長目動物大多數居住在氣候比較溫暖的地區。通常棲息於樹上,行動敏捷迅速,以尾來維持身體平衡。少數種類部分時間生活在地面,行動緩慢,尾短或不明顯。雌獸有月經。群棲。雜食性,主食果實和穀類,也食昆蟲和肉類。
靈長目動物是目前動物界中進化程度最高的類群,對研究對解決人類起源問題具有重要意義。
基本介紹
物種學史
命名
化石
起源
進化
分類
形態特徵
生活習性
生理特性
社會行為
分布範圍
繁殖方式
下屬分類
目 | 亞目 | 下目 | 總科 | 科 | 亞科 | 現存物種舉例 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
狐猴型下目 | 懶猴總科 | |||||
狐猴總科 | ||||||
指猴型下目 | ||||||
眼鏡猴下目 | ||||||
類人猿下目 | ||||||
人猿總科 |
原猴亞目
Cheirogaleidae | 鼠狐猴屬 | Cheirogaleus |
Cheirogaleus crossleyi | ||
Cheirogaleus major | ||
Cheirogaleus medius | ||
Cheirogaleus minusculus | ||
Cheirogaleus sibreei | ||
Microcebus | ||
Microcebus arnholdi | ||
Microcebus berthae | ||
Microcebus bongolavensis | ||
Microcebus danfossi | ||
Microcebus gerpi | ||
Microcebus griseorufus | ||
Microcebus jollyae | ||
Microcebus lehilahytsara | ||
Microcebus macarthurii | ||
Microcebus mamiratra | ||
Microcebus margotmarshae | ||
Microcebus marohita | ||
米特邁爾倭狐猴 | Microcebus mittermeieri | |
Microcebus murinus | ||
侏儒倭狐猴 | Microcebus myoxinus | |
拉韋洛倭狐猴 | Microcebus ravelobensis | |
Microcebus rufus | ||
桑河倭狐猴 | Microcebus sambiranensis | |
西蒙倭狐猴 | Microcebus simmonsi | |
北赤褐倭狐猴 | Microcebus tavaratra | |
巨鼠狐猴屬 | Mirza | |
科克雷爾巨鼠狐猴 | Mirza coquereli | |
北部巨鼠狐猴 | Mirza zaza | |
毛耳鼠狐猴屬 | Allocebus | |
Allocebus trichotis | ||
叉斑鼠狐猴屬 | Phaner | |
蒙塔涅叉斑鼠狐猴 | Phaner electromontis | |
馬索拉叉斑鼠狐猴 | Phaner furcifer | |
淺色叉斑鼠狐猴 | Phaner pallescens | |
桑布里諾叉斑鼠狐猴 | Phaner parienti | |
Lemuridae | Eulemur | |
Eulemur albifrons | ||
Eulemur albocollaris | ||
Eulemur cinereiceps | ||
Eulemur collaris | ||
Eulemur coronatus | ||
Eulemur flavifrons | ||
Eulemur fulvus | ||
Eulemur macaco | ||
Eulemur mongoz | ||
Eulemur rubriventer | ||
Eulemur rufus | ||
Eulemur sanfordi | ||
Hapalemur | ||
Hapalemur alaotrensis | ||
Hapalemur aureus | ||
Hapalemur griseus | ||
Hapalemur occidentalis | ||
Lemur | ||
Lemur catta | ||
Prolemur | ||
Prolemur simus | ||
Varecia | ||
Varecia rubra | ||
Varecia variegata | ||
鼬狐猴屬 | Lepilemur | |
安塔菲鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur aeeclis | |
阿曼森鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur ahmansonorum | |
安卡拉娜鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur ankaranensis | |
貝薩勒鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur betsileo | |
Lepilemur dorsalis | ||
Lepilemur edwardsi | ||
弗勒萊特鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur fleuretae | |
格瑞科克鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur grewcockorum | |
賀蘭朵鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur hollandorum | |
哈伯德鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur hubbardorum | |
詹姆斯鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur jamesorum | |
Lepilemur leucopus | ||
Lepilemur microdon | ||
達拉娜鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur milanoii | |
米特邁爾鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur mittermeieri | |
狡猾鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur mustelinus | |
奧托鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur otto | |
培特鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur petteri | |
蘭德里亞鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur randrianasoloi | |
棕尾鼬狐猴鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur ruficaudatus | |
薩馬拉尤卡半島鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur sahamalazensis | |
斯科特鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur scottorum | |
海豹色鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur seali | |
Lepilemur septentrionalis | ||
諾西貝鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur tymerlachsoni | |
賴特鼬狐猴 | Lepilemur wrightae | |
Indriidae | 大狐猴屬 | Indri |
Indri indri | ||
Avahi | ||
馬南扎里河毛狐猴 | Avahi betsileo | |
克里斯毛狐猴 | Avahi cleesei | |
Avahi laniger | ||
馬島南部毛狐猴 | Avahi meridionalis | |
穆爾斯毛狐猴 | Avahi mooreorum | |
Avahi occidentalis | ||
佩里埃毛狐猴 | Avahi peyrierasi | |
拉曼毛狐猴 | Avahi ramanantsoavanai | |
桑河毛狐猴 | Avahi unicolor | |
Propithecus | ||
Propithecus candidus | ||
克氏冕狐猴 | Propithecus coquereli | |
冠冕狐猴 | Propithecus coronatus | |
瓦氏冕狐猴 | Propithecus deckenii | |
Propithecus diadema | ||
埃氏冕狐猴 | Propithecus edwardsi | |
Propithecus perrieri | ||
金冠冕狐猴 | Propithecus tattersalli | |
Propithecus verreauxi | ||
Daubentoniidae | 指猴屬 | Daubentonia |
Daubentonia madagascariensis | ||
Lorisidae | Arctocebus | |
Arctocebus calabarensis | ||
Arctocebus aureus | ||
Perodicticus | ||
Perodicticus potto | ||
Pseudopotto | ||
Pseudopotto martini | ||
Loris | ||
Loris tardigradus | ||
Loris lydekkerianus | ||
Nycticebus | ||
Nycticebus bancanus | ||
Nycticebus bengalensis | ||
Nycticebus borneanus | ||
Nycticebus coucang | ||
Nycticebus javanicus | ||
Nycticebus hilleri | ||
Nycticebus kayan | ||
Nycticebus menagensis | ||
Nycticebus pygmaeus | ||
Galagidae | 尖爪叢猴屬 | Euoticus |
南方尖爪叢猴 | Euoticus elegantulus | |
北方尖爪叢猴 | Euoticus pallidus | |
Galago | ||
Galago gallarum | ||
眼鏡嬰猴 | Galago matschiei | |
Galago moholi | ||
塞內加爾嬰猴 | Galago senegalensis | |
倭叢猴屬 | Galagoides | |
肯亞海岸倭叢猴 | Galagoides cocos | |
德米多夫倭叢猴 | Galagoides demidoff | |
格蘭特小倭叢猴 | Galagoides granti | |
馬拉威倭叢猴 | Galagoides nyasae | |
山地倭叢猴 | Galagoides orinus | |
朗多倭叢猴 | Galagoides rondoensis | |
托馬斯倭叢猴 | Galagoides thomasi | |
Galagoides zanzibaricus | ||
松鼠嬰猴屬 | Sciurocheiru | |
黑尾松鼠嬰猴 | Sciurocheirus alleni | |
加彭松鼠嬰猴 | Sciurocheirus gabonensis | |
大嬰猴屬 | Otolemur | |
Otolemur crassicaudatus | ||
銀色大嬰猴 | Otolemur monteiri | |
Otolemur garnettii |
簡鼻亞目
中文名稱 | 學 名 | |
(Tarsiidae) | 菲律賓眼鏡猴屬 | Carlito |
Carlito syrichta | ||
西部眼鏡猴屬 | Cephalopachus | |
西部眼鏡猴 | Cephalopachus bancanus | |
Tarsius | ||
黛安娜眼鏡猴 | Tarsius dentatus | |
望加錫眼鏡猴 | Tarsius fuscus | |
拉里昂河眼鏡猴 | Tarsius lariang | |
蘇拉威西眼鏡猴 | Tarsius niemitzi | |
珀倫島眼鏡猴 | Tarsius pelengensis | |
侏儒眼鏡猴 | Tarsius pumilus | |
桑格島眼鏡猴 | Tarsius sangirensis | |
古爾斯基眼鏡猴 | Tarsius spectrumgurskyae | |
賈特納眼鏡猴 | Tarsius supriatnai | |
幽靈眼鏡猴 | Tarsius tarsier | |
錫奧島眼鏡猴 | Tarsius tumpara | |
華萊士眼鏡猴 | Tarsius wallacei | |
Callithrichidae | Callimico | |
Callimico goeldii | ||
Callithrix | ||
Callithrix acariensis | ||
Callithrix argentata | ||
Callithrix aurita | ||
金肢狨 | Callithrix chrysoleuca | |
艾氏狨 | Callithrix emiliae | |
Callithrix flaviceps | ||
Callithrix geoffroyi | ||
Callithrix humeralifera | ||
Callithrix jacchus | ||
Callithrix kuhlii | ||
怪獸狨 | Callithrix manicorensis | |
Callithrix marcai | ||
黑尾狨 | Callithrix melanura | |
Callithrix penicillata | ||
倭狨屬 | Cebuella | |
Cebuella pygmaea | ||
長尾狨屬 | Mico | |
Mico chrysoleucos | ||
Mico humilis | ||
赫氏狨 | Mico intermedius | |
白狨 | Mico leucippe | |
黑頭狨 | Mico nigriceps | |
薩塔爾狨 | Mico saterei | |
Leontopithecus | ||
Leontopithecus caissara | ||
Leontopithecus chrysomelas | ||
Leontopithecus chrysopygus | ||
Leontopithecus rosalia | ||
Saguinus | ||
雙色檉柳猴 | Saguinus bicolor | |
Saguinus fuscicollis | ||
Saguinus graellsi | ||
Saguinus imperator | ||
烙印檉柳猴 | Saguinus inustus | |
Saguinus labiatus | ||
Saguinus leucopus | ||
馬氏檉柳猴 | Saguinus martinsi | |
Saguinus melanoleucus | ||
Saguinus midas | ||
Saguinus mystax | ||
Saguinus niger | ||
Saguinus nigricollis | ||
Saguinus oedipus | ||
Saguinus pileatus | ||
Saguinus tripartitus | ||
Cebidae | Cebus | |
厄瓜多白額捲尾猴 | Cebus aequatorialis | |
Cebus albifrons | ||
棕帽捲尾猴 | Cebus brunneus | |
Cebus capucinus | ||
盔冠捲尾猴 | Cebus cuscinus | |
凱奧波爾捲尾猴 | Cebus kaapori | |
黑紋捲尾猴 | Cebus libidinosus | |
聖瑪爾塔白額捲尾猴 | Cebus malitiosus | |
黑捲尾猴 | Cebus nigritus | |
Cebus olivaceus | ||
雜毛白額捲尾猴 | Cebus versicolor | |
Cebus xanthosternos | ||
Sapajus | ||
Sapajus apella | ||
Sapajus cay | ||
Sapajus flavius | ||
Sapajus libidinosus | ||
Sapajus nigritus | ||
Sapajus robustus | ||
Sapajus xanthosternos | ||
Saimiri | ||
Saimiri ustus | ||
黑松鼠猴 | Saimiri vanzolini | |
Saimiri boliviensis | ||
Saimiri oerstedi | ||
Saimiri sciureus | ||
Aotidae | Aotus | |
Aotus azarae | ||
Aotus brumbacki | ||
灰手夜猴 | Aotus griseimembra | |
哥倫比亞夜猴 | Aotus jorgehernandezi | |
Aotus lemurinus | ||
Aotus miconax | ||
Aotus nancymaae | ||
Aotus nigriceps | ||
Aotus trivirgatus | ||
Aotus vociferans | ||
巴拿馬夜猴 | Aotus zonalis | |
Pitheciidae | Pithecia | |
Pithecia aequatorialis | ||
巴西僧面猴 | Pithecia albicans | |
金臉僧面猴 | Pithecia chrysocephala | |
米勒僧面猴 | Pithecia milleri | |
Pithecia pithecia | ||
范氏僧面猴 | Pithecia vanzolinii | |
叢尾猴屬 | Chiropotes | |
Chiropotes albinasus | ||
Chiropotes chiropotes | ||
Chiropotes satanas | ||
猶氏叢尾猴 | Chiropotes utahickae | |
Cacajao | ||
Cacajao calvus | ||
Cacajao hosomi | ||
Callicebus | ||
馬蒂迪伶猴 | Callicebus aureipalatii | |
巴蒂斯特湖伶猴 | Callicebus baptista | |
金髮伶猴 | Callicebus barbarabrownae | |
伯恩哈德親王伶猴 | Callicebus bernhardi | |
Callicebus brunneus | ||
Callicebus caligatus | ||
Callicebus caquetensis | ||
Callicebus cinerascens | ||
科英布拉伶猴 | Callicebus coimbrai | |
Callicebus cupreus | ||
紅冠伶猴 | Callicebus discolor | |
Callicebus donacophilus | ||
杜布斯伶猴 | Callicebus dubius | |
Callicebus hoffmannsi | ||
Callicebus lucifer | ||
領伶猴 | Callicebus lugens | |
梅德姆伶猴 | Callicebus medemi | |
巴亞納伶猴 | Callicebus melanochir | |
米爾頓伶猴 | Callicebus miltoni | |
Callicebus modestus | ||
暗色伶猴 | Callicebus moloch | |
黑額伶猴 | Callicebus nigrifrons | |
Callicebus oenanthe | ||
Callicebus olallae | ||
華麗伶猴 | Callicebus ornatus | |
巴拉圭灰伶猴 | Callicebus pallescens | |
Callicebus personatus | ||
紫伶猴 | Callicebus purinus | |
雷戈洛伶猴 | Callicebus regulus | |
史蒂夫伶猴 | Callicebus stephennashi | |
托平伶猴 | Callicebus toppini | |
Callicebus torquatus | ||
烏魯班巴棕伶猴 | Callicebus urubambensis | |
比埃拉斯伶猴 | Callicebus vieira | |
Atelidae | Alouatta | |
熊吼猴 | Alouatta arctoidea | |
Alouatta belzebul | ||
黑金吼猴 | Alouatta caraya | |
Alouatta coibensis | ||
斯皮克斯紅爪吼猴 | Alouatta discolor | |
Alouatta guariba | ||
蓋亞那吼猴 | Alouatta macconnelli | |
Alouatta nigerrima | ||
Alouatta palliata | ||
Alouatta pigra | ||
Alouatta sara | ||
Alouatta seniculus | ||
馬拉尼昂吼猴 | Alouatta ululata | |
Ateles | ||
白腹蜘蛛猴 | Ateles belzebuth | |
Ateles chamek | ||
Ateles fusciceps | ||
Ateles geoffroyi | ||
Ateles hybridus | ||
白頰蜘蛛猴 | Ateles marginatus | |
蓋亞那蜘蛛猴 | Ateles paniscus | |
Brachyteles | ||
南絨毛蛛猴 | Brachyteles arachnoides | |
Brachyteles hypoxanthus | ||
Lagothrix | ||
秘魯絨毛猴 | Lagothrix cana | |
Lagothrix lagotricha | ||
哥倫比亞絨毛猴 | Lagothrix lugens | |
銀絨毛猴 | Lagothrix poeppigii | |
黃尾絨毛猴屬 | Oreonax | |
Oreonax flavicauda | ||
Cercopithecidae | Allenopithecus | |
Allenopithecus nigroviridis | ||
Miopithecus | ||
Miopithecus ogouensis | ||
Miopithecus talapoin | ||
Erythrocebus | ||
Erythrocebus patas | ||
Chlorocebus | ||
Chlorocebus aethiops | ||
Chlorocebus cynosuros | ||
Chlorocebus djamdjamensis | ||
Chlorocebus pygerythrus | ||
Chlorocebus sabaeus | ||
Chlorocebus tantalus | ||
Cercopithecus | ||
Cercopithecus ascanius | ||
Cercopithecus campbelli | ||
Cercopithecus cephus | ||
Cercopithecus diana | ||
Cercopithecus dryas | ||
Cercopithecus erythrogaster | ||
Cercopithecus erythrotis | ||
Cercopithecus hamlyni | ||
Cercopithecus lhoesti | ||
Cercopithecus mitis | ||
Cercopithecus mona | ||
Cercopithecus neglectus | ||
Cercopithecus nictitans | ||
Cercopithecus petaurista | ||
Cercopithecus pogonias | ||
Cercopithecus preussi | ||
Cercopithecus sclateri | ||
Cercopithecus solatus | ||
Macaca | ||
Macaca arctoides | ||
Macaca assamensis | ||
Macaca cyclopis | ||
Macaca fascicularis | ||
日本猴 | Macaca fuscata | |
Macaca hecki | ||
Macaca leonina | ||
Macaca maura | ||
Macaca mulatta | ||
藏南獼猴 | Macaca munzala | |
Macaca nemestrina | ||
Macaca nigra | ||
Macaca nigrescens | ||
Macaca ochreata | ||
Macaca pagensis | ||
Macaca radiata | ||
Macaca siberu | ||
Macaca silenus | ||
Macaca sinica | ||
Macaca sylvanus | ||
Macaca thibetana | ||
Macaca tonkeana | ||
Lophocebus | ||
Lophocebus albigena | ||
Lophocebus aterrimus | ||
Rungwecebus | ||
Rungwecebus kipunji | ||
Papio | ||
Papio anubis | ||
Papio cynocephalus | ||
Papio hamadryas | ||
Papio papio | ||
Papio ursinus | ||
Theropithecus | ||
Theropithecus gelada | ||
Cercocebus | ||
Cercocebus agilis | ||
Cercocebus atys | ||
Cercocebus chrysogaster | ||
Cercocebus galeritus | ||
Cercocebus lunulatus | ||
Cercocebus sanjei | ||
Cercocebus torquatus | ||
Lophocebus | ||
Lophocebus albigena | ||
Lophocebus aterrimus | ||
Mandrillus | ||
Mandrillus sphinx | ||
Mandrillus leucophaeus | ||
Colobus | ||
Colobus angolensis | ||
Colobus guereza | ||
Colobus polykomos | ||
Colobus satanas | ||
Colobus vellerosus | ||
Piliocolobus | ||
Piliocolobus badius | ||
Piliocolobus bouvieri | ||
Piliocolobus epieni | ||
Piliocolobus gordonorum | ||
Piliocolobus kirkii | ||
Piliocolobus oustaleti | ||
Piliocolobus pennantii | ||
Piliocolobus preussi | ||
Piliocolobus rufomitratus | ||
Piliocolobus tephrosceles | ||
Piliocolobus tholloni | ||
Piliocolobus waldronae | ||
Procolobus | ||
Procolobus verus | ||
Semnopithecus | ||
Semnopithecus ajax | ||
Semnopithecus dussumieri | ||
Semnopithecus entellus | ||
Semnopithecus hector | ||
Semnopithecus hypoleucos | ||
Semnopithecus priam | ||
Semnopithecus schistaceus | ||
Trachypithecus | ||
Trachypithecus auratus | ||
Trachypithecus barbei | ||
Trachypithecus cristatus | ||
Trachypithecus delacouri | ||
Trachypithecus francoisi | ||
Trachypithecus geei | ||
Trachypithecus germaini | ||
Trachypithecus hatinhensis | ||
Trachypithecus johnii | ||
Trachypithecus laotum | ||
Trachypithecus obscurus | ||
Trachypithecus phayrei | ||
Trachypithecus pileatus | ||
黑頭烏葉猴 | Trachypithecus poliocephalus | |
Trachypithecus shortridgei | ||
Trachypithecus vetulus | ||
Presbytis | ||
婆羅洲葉猴 | Presbytis chrysomelas | |
爪哇葉猴 | Presbytis comata | |
Presbytis femoralis | ||
Presbytis frontata | ||
Presbytis hosei | ||
Presbytis melalophos | ||
納土納島葉猴 | Presbytis natunae | |
蘇門答臘島葉猴 | Presbytis potenziani | |
Presbytis rubicunda | ||
白腿葉猴 | Presbytis siamensis | |
托馬斯氏葉猴 | Presbytis thomasi | |
Pygathrix | ||
Pygathrix nemaeus | ||
Pygathrix cinerea | ||
黑腿白臀葉猴 | Pygathrix nigripes | |
Rhinopithecus | ||
Rhinopithecus avunculus | ||
Rhinopithecus bieti | ||
Rhinopithecus brelichi | ||
Rhinopithecus roxellana | ||
Rhinopithecus strykeri | ||
Nasalis | ||
Nasalis larvatus | ||
Simias | ||
Simias concolor | ||
Hylobatidae | Hylobates | |
Hylobates agilis | ||
Hylobates albibarbis | ||
Hylobates klossii | ||
Hylobates lar | ||
Hylobates moloch | ||
Hylobates muelleri | ||
Hylobates pileatus | ||
Hoolock | ||
Hoolock hoolock | ||
Hoolock leuconedys | ||
冠長臂猿屬 | Nomascus | |
Nomascus concolor | ||
Nomascus gabriellae | ||
Nomascus hainanus | ||
Nomascus leucogenys | ||
Nomascus nasutus | ||
Nomascus siki | ||
Symphalangus | ||
Symphalangus syndactylus | ||
Hominidae | Pongo | |
Pongo abelii | ||
Pongo pygmaeus | ||
Gorilla | ||
Gorilla gorilla | ||
Gorilla beringei | ||
Pan | ||
Pan troglodytes | ||
Pan paniscus | ||
Homo | ||
Homo sapiens |