基本介紹
- 中文名:官能團
- 外文名:functional group
- 別名:特性基團(characteristic groups)
導致的異構
化學性質
其它性質
種類
烴基
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 |
---|---|---|---|---|
RH | alkyl- | -ane | ||
R2C=CR2 | alkenyl- | -ene | ||
炔基 | RC≡CR' | alkynyl- | -yne | |
苯及衍生物 | RC6H5 RPh | phenyl- | -benzene | |
甲苯及衍生物 | RCH2C6H5 RBn | benzyl- | 1-(substituent)toluene |
含鹵素取代基
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 |
---|---|---|---|---|
碳鹵鍵 | RX | halo- | alkylhalide | |
碳氟鍵 | RF | fluoro- | alkylfluoride | |
碳氯鍵 | RCl | chloro- | alkylchloride | |
碳溴鍵 | RBr | bromo- | alkylbromide | |
碘代烷 | 碳碘鍵 | RI | iodo- | alkyliodide |
含氧
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 |
---|---|---|---|---|
鹵代甲醯基 | RCOX | haloformyl- | -oyl halide | |
ROH | hydroxy- | -ol | ||
RCOR' | keto-, oxo- | -one | ||
RCHO | aldo- | -al | ||
ROCOOR | alkylcarbonate | |||
羧酸根 | RCOO | carboxy- | -oate | |
RCOOH | carboxy- | -oic acid | ||
ROR' | alkoxy- | alkyl alkylether | ||
RCOOR' | alkyl alkanoate | |||
氫過氧基 | ROOH | hydroperoxy- | alkylhydroperoxide | |
過氧基 | ROOR | peroxy- | alkylperoxide |
含氮
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCONH2 | carboxamido- | -amide | |||
RNH2 | amino- | -amine | |||
R2NH | amino- | -amine | |||
R3N | amino- | -amine | |||
季銨陽離子 | R4N | ammonio- | -ammonium | ||
一級酮亞胺 | RC(=NH)R' | imino- | -imine | ||
二級酮亞胺 | RC(=NR)R' | imino- | -imine | ||
一級醛亞胺 | RC(=NH)H | imino- | -imine | ||
二級醛亞胺 | RC(=NR')H | imino- | -imine | ||
RC(=O)NC(=O)R' | imido- | -imide | |||
疊氮根 | RN3 | azido- | alkylazide | 疊氮苯 | |
RN2R' | azo- | -diazene | |||
氰酸酯 | 氰酸酯 | ROCN | cyanato- | alkylcyanate | |
RNC | isocyano- | alkylisocyanide | |||
RNCO | isocyanato- | alkylisocyanate | |||
RNCS | isothiocyanato- | alkylisothiocyanate | |||
硝酸酯 | 硝酸酯 | RONO2 | nitrooxy-, nitroxy- | alkylnitrate | |
RCN | cyano- | alkanenitrile alkylcyanide | |||
亞硝酸酯 | 亞硝酸酯 | RONO | nitrosooxy- | alkylnitrite | |
RNO2 | nitro- | ||||
RNO | nitroso- | ||||
吡啶及衍生物 | 吡啶基 | RC5H4N | 4-pyridyl (pyridin-4-yl) 3-pyridyl (pyridin-3-yl) 2-pyridyl (pyridin-2-yl) | -pyridine |
含磷硫
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 |
---|---|---|---|---|
R3P | phosphino- | -phosphane | ||
HOPO(OR)2 | phosphoric acid di(substituent) ester | di(substituent) hydrogenphosphate | ||
亞磷酸酯 | RP(=O)(OH)2 | phosphono- | substituentphosphonic acid | |
磷酸酯 | ROP(=O)(OH)2 | phospho- | ||
硫醚 | RSR' | di(substituent) sulfide | ||
磺醯基 | RSO2R' | sulfonyl- | di(substituent) sulfone | |
磺酸基 | RSO3H | sulfo- | substituentsulfonic acid | |
亞磺醯基 | RSOR' | sulfinyl- | di(substituent)sulfoxide | |
RSH | mercapto-, sulfanyl- | -thiol | ||
RSCN | thiocyanato- | alkylthiocyanate | ||
RSSR' | alkyl alkyl disulfide |
主體基團的確定
序列 | 按特性基團分類的化合物類型 | general classes of compounds by characteristic group |
---|---|---|
1 | 自由基 | radicals |
2 | 負離子 | anions |
3 | 正離子 | cations |
4 | 兩性離子化合物 | zwitterionic compounds |
5 | 羧酸(依次為COOH,C(O)O2H,然後為它們的S和Se衍生物,依次為磺酸、亞磺酸、硒酸等,以及膦酸、胂酸等) | acids (in the order of COOH, C(O)O2H, then their S and Se derivatives followed by sulfonic, sulfinic, selenonic acid, etc., and phosphonic, arsenic acid,etc.) |
6 | 酸酐 | anhydrides |
7 | 酯 | esters |
8 | 醯鹵 | acid halides |
9 | 醯胺 | amides |
10 | 醯肼 | hydrazides |
11 | 二醯亞胺 | imides |
12 | 腈 | nitriles |
13 | 醛,隨後依次為硫代醛、硒代醛和碲代醛 | aldehydes followed by thioaldehydes, selenoaldehydes, and telluroaldehydes |
14 | 酮,隨後依次為硫代酮、硒代酮和碲代酮 | ketones followed by thioketones, selenoketones, and telluroketones |
15 | 醇和酚,隨後依次為硫醇、硒醇和碲醇 | alcohols and phenols followed by thiols, selenols, and tellurols |
16 | 氫過氧化物,隨後依次為硫代氫過氧化物、硒代氫過氧化物和碲代氫過氧化物 | hydroperoxides followed by thiohydroperoxides, selenohydroperoxides, and tellurohydroperoxides |
17 | 胺 | amines |
18 | 亞胺 | imines |
19 | 肼(聯氨),磷烷(聯磷)等 | hydrazines, phosphanes, etc. |
20 | 醚,隨後依次為硫醚、硒醚和碲醚 | ethers followed by sulfides, selenides, and tellurides |
21 | 過氧化物,隨後依次為過硫化物、過硒化物和過碲化物 | peroxides followed by disulfides, diselenides, and ditellurides |
官能團的修飾基團
例: |
CH3—CH2—CHO 丙醛(propanal) → CH3—CH2—CH(OCH3)2 丙醛二甲基縮醛(propanal dimethyl acetal); → CH3—CH2—CH=NOH 丙醛肟(propanal oxime); → CH3—CH2—CH=NNH2 丙醛腙(propanal hydrazone)。 |
CH3—CH2—COOH 丙酸(propionic acid) → CH3—CH2—COO=CH3 丙酸甲酯(propionic acid methyl ester); → CH3—CH2—CO—NH—NH2 丙(酸)醯肼(propionic acid hydrazide)。 [注] 英文中也可採用更系統的命名“methyl propionate”,但中文中對羧酸酯則僅此種命名方式,此時也稱“丙酸甲酯”。 |
官能團置換
例: |
CH3—COOH 乙酸(acetic acid) → CH3—CO—SH 乙硫代-S-酸,硫代乙-S-酸(thioacetic S-acid); → CH3—CS—OH 乙硫代-O-酸,硫代乙-O-酸(thioacetic O-acid)。 |
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—COOH 戊酸(pentanoic acid) → CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CO—SH 戊硫代-S-酸,硫代戊-S-酸(pentanethioic acid); → CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—C(=NH)—OH 氨亞基替戊酸,戊氨亞基替酸(pentaimidic acid)。 |
種類
烴基
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 |
---|---|---|---|---|
RH | alkyl- | -ane | ||
R2C=CR2 | alkenyl- | -ene | ||
炔基 | RC≡CR' | alkynyl- | -yne | |
苯及衍生物 | RC6H5 RPh | phenyl- | -benzene | |
甲苯及衍生物 | RCH2C6H5 RBn | benzyl- | 1-(substituent)toluene |
含鹵素取代基
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 |
---|---|---|---|---|
碳鹵鍵 | RX | halo- | alkylhalide | |
碳氟鍵 | RF | fluoro- | alkylfluoride | |
碳氯鍵 | RCl | chloro- | alkylchloride | |
碳溴鍵 | RBr | bromo- | alkylbromide | |
碘代烷 | 碳碘鍵 | RI | iodo- | alkyliodide |
含氧
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 |
---|---|---|---|---|
鹵代甲醯基 | RCOX | haloformyl- | -oyl halide | |
ROH | hydroxy- | -ol | ||
RCOR' | keto-, oxo- | -one | ||
RCHO | aldo- | -al | ||
ROCOOR | alkylcarbonate | |||
羧酸根 | RCOO | carboxy- | -oate | |
RCOOH | carboxy- | -oic acid | ||
ROR' | alkoxy- | alkyl alkylether | ||
RCOOR' | alkyl alkanoate | |||
氫過氧基 | ROOH | hydroperoxy- | alkylhydroperoxide | |
過氧基 | ROOR | peroxy- | alkylperoxide |
含氮
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RCONH2 | carboxamido- | -amide | |||
RNH2 | amino- | -amine | |||
R2NH | amino- | -amine | |||
R3N | amino- | -amine | |||
季銨陽離子 | R4N | ammonio- | -ammonium | ||
一級酮亞胺 | RC(=NH)R' | imino- | -imine | ||
二級酮亞胺 | RC(=NR)R' | imino- | -imine | ||
一級醛亞胺 | RC(=NH)H | imino- | -imine | ||
二級醛亞胺 | RC(=NR')H | imino- | -imine | ||
RC(=O)NC(=O)R' | imido- | -imide | |||
疊氮根 | RN3 | azido- | alkylazide | 疊氮苯 | |
RN2R' | azo- | -diazene | |||
氰酸酯 | 氰酸酯 | ROCN | cyanato- | alkylcyanate | |
RNC | isocyano- | alkylisocyanide | |||
RNCO | isocyanato- | alkylisocyanate | |||
RNCS | isothiocyanato- | alkylisothiocyanate | |||
硝酸酯 | 硝酸酯 | RONO2 | nitrooxy-, nitroxy- | alkylnitrate | |
RCN | cyano- | alkanenitrile alkylcyanide | |||
亞硝酸酯 | 亞硝酸酯 | RONO | nitrosooxy- | alkylnitrite | |
RNO2 | nitro- | ||||
RNO | nitroso- | ||||
吡啶及衍生物 | 吡啶基 | RC5H4N | 4-pyridyl (pyridin-4-yl) 3-pyridyl (pyridin-3-yl) 2-pyridyl (pyridin-2-yl) | -pyridine |
含磷硫
分類 | 官能團名稱 | 化學式 | 英文前綴 | 英文後綴 |
---|---|---|---|---|
R3P | phosphino- | -phosphane | ||
HOPO(OR)2 | phosphoric acid di(substituent) ester | di(substituent) hydrogenphosphate | ||
亞磷酸酯 | RP(=O)(OH)2 | phosphono- | substituentphosphonic acid | |
磷酸酯 | ROP(=O)(OH)2 | phospho- | ||
硫醚 | RSR' | di(substituent) sulfide | ||
磺醯基 | RSO2R' | sulfonyl- | di(substituent) sulfone | |
磺酸基 | RSO3H | sulfo- | substituentsulfonic acid | |
亞磺醯基 | RSOR' | sulfinyl- | di(substituent)sulfoxide | |
RSH | mercapto-, sulfanyl- | -thiol | ||
RSCN | thiocyanato- | alkylthiocyanate | ||
RSSR' | alkyl alkyl disulfide |
主體基團的確定
序列 | 按特性基團分類的化合物類型 | general classes of compounds by characteristic group |
---|---|---|
1 | 自由基 | radicals |
2 | 負離子 | anions |
3 | 正離子 | cations |
4 | 兩性離子化合物 | zwitterionic compounds |
5 | 羧酸(依次為COOH,C(O)O2H,然後為它們的S和Se衍生物,依次為磺酸、亞磺酸、硒酸等,以及膦酸、胂酸等) | acids (in the order of COOH, C(O)O2H, then their S and Se derivatives followed by sulfonic, sulfinic, selenonic acid, etc., and phosphonic, arsenic acid,etc.) |
6 | 酸酐 | anhydrides |
7 | 酯 | esters |
8 | 醯鹵 | acid halides |
9 | 醯胺 | amides |
10 | 醯肼 | hydrazides |
11 | 二醯亞胺 | imides |
12 | 腈 | nitriles |
13 | 醛,隨後依次為硫代醛、硒代醛和碲代醛 | aldehydes followed by thioaldehydes, selenoaldehydes, and telluroaldehydes |
14 | 酮,隨後依次為硫代酮、硒代酮和碲代酮 | ketones followed by thioketones, selenoketones, and telluroketones |
15 | 醇和酚,隨後依次為硫醇、硒醇和碲醇 | alcohols and phenols followed by thiols, selenols, and tellurols |
16 | 氫過氧化物,隨後依次為硫代氫過氧化物、硒代氫過氧化物和碲代氫過氧化物 | hydroperoxides followed by thiohydroperoxides, selenohydroperoxides, and tellurohydroperoxides |
17 | 胺 | amines |
18 | 亞胺 | imines |
19 | 肼(聯氨),磷烷(聯磷)等 | hydrazines, phosphanes, etc. |
20 | 醚,隨後依次為硫醚、硒醚和碲醚 | ethers followed by sulfides, selenides, and tellurides |
21 | 過氧化物,隨後依次為過硫化物、過硒化物和過碲化物 | peroxides followed by disulfides, diselenides, and ditellurides |
官能團的修飾基團
例: |
CH3—CH2—CHO 丙醛(propanal) → CH3—CH2—CH(OCH3)2 丙醛二甲基縮醛(propanal dimethyl acetal); → CH3—CH2—CH=NOH 丙醛肟(propanal oxime); → CH3—CH2—CH=NNH2 丙醛腙(propanal hydrazone)。 |
CH3—CH2—COOH 丙酸(propionic acid) → CH3—CH2—COO=CH3 丙酸甲酯(propionic acid methyl ester); → CH3—CH2—CO—NH—NH2 丙(酸)醯肼(propionic acid hydrazide)。 [注] 英文中也可採用更系統的命名“methyl propionate”,但中文中對羧酸酯則僅此種命名方式,此時也稱“丙酸甲酯”。 |
官能團置換
例: |
CH3—COOH 乙酸(acetic acid) → CH3—CO—SH 乙硫代-S-酸,硫代乙-S-酸(thioacetic S-acid); → CH3—CS—OH 乙硫代-O-酸,硫代乙-O-酸(thioacetic O-acid)。 |
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—COOH 戊酸(pentanoic acid) → CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CO—SH 戊硫代-S-酸,硫代戊-S-酸(pentanethioic acid); → CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—C(=NH)—OH 氨亞基替戊酸,戊氨亞基替酸(pentaimidic acid)。 |