松露屬(學名:Truffle):是一種蕈類的總稱,大約有百餘種不同的物種,有食用價值的約10餘種。通常是一年生的真菌,多數在闊葉樹的根部著絲生長,一般生長在松樹、櫟樹、橡樹下。散布於樹底方圓120-150厘米,塊狀主體藏於地下3-40厘米。
松露食用氣味特殊,含有豐富的蛋白質、胺基酸等營養物質。松露對生長環境的要求極其苛刻,且無法人工培育,產量稀少,導致了它的珍稀昂貴。因此歐洲人將松露與魚子醬、鵝肝並列“世界三大珍餚”。
白松露一般生食,磨碎後撒在意大利麵或煎蛋上。可以切成薄片加在肉里一同烤制,或用來烤鵝肝。有些乳酪中也添加了松露。黑松露的味道沒有白松露那么濃烈,可以做松露鹽或松露蜂蜜。分布在義大利、法國、西班牙、中國、紐西蘭等國。
(概述圖參考資料:)
基本介紹
物種簡史
形態特徵
生長習性
分布範圍
該屬物種
主要種類
中文名稱 | 學 名 | |
---|---|---|
1 | 黑夏松露 | Tuber aestivum |
2 | 安妮松露 | Tuber anniae |
3 | 波氏松露 | Tuber borchii |
4 | 冬松露 | Tuber brumale |
5 | 灰松露 | Tuber cinereum |
6 | 唐娜喬托松露 | Tuber donnagotto |
7 | 芫荽松露 | Tuber foetidum |
8 | 俄勒岡白松露 | Tuber gibbosum |
9 | 喜馬拉亞松露 | Tuber himalayensis |
10 | 印度松露 | Tuber indicum |
11 | 麗江松露 | Tuber lijiangense |
12 | 大孢松露 | Tuber macrosporum |
13 | 義大利白松露 | Tuber magnatum |
14 | 黑松露 | Tuber melanosporum |
15 | 柴胡松露 | Tuber mesentericum |
16 | 微型松露 | Tuber microspermum |
17 | 昆明松露 | Tuber microspiculatum |
18 | 少孢松露 | Tuber oligospermum |
19 | 俄勒岡松露 | Tuber oregonense |
20 | 多孢松露 | Tuber polyspermum |
21 | Tuber sinensis | |
22 | 中國白松露 | Tuber sinoalbidum |
23 | 中國凹松露 | Tuber sinoexcavatum |
24 | 德克薩斯松露 | Tuber texensis |
25 | 勃艮第松露 | Tuber uncinatum |
26 | 西藏松露 | Tuber xizangense |
全部物種
學名 | 命名者 | 年代 | 分布 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Tuber aestivum | (Wulfen) Pers. | 1801 | |
2. | Tuber affine | Corda | 1854 | |
3. | Tuber albidum | Fr. | 1823 | |
4. | Tuber album | Bull. | 1789 | |
5. | Tuber anniae | W.Colgan & Trappe | 1997 | |
6. | Tuber arenaria | Moris | 1829 | |
7. | Tuber argenteum | Gilkey | 1916 | |
8. | Tuber argentinum | Speg. | 1909 | |
9. | Tuber asa-foetida | Lesp. | 1889 | |
10. | Tuber atrorubens | (Wallr.) Tul. | 1851 | |
11. | Tuber australe | Speg. | 1880 | |
12. | Tuber bellisporum | G.Bonito & Trappe | 2010 | |
13. | Tuber belonei | Quél. | 1888 | |
14. | Tuber berkeleyanum | (Corda) Tul. | 1851 | |
15. | Tuber bernardinii | Gori | 2003 | |
16. | Tuber besseyi | Gilkey | 1939 | |
17. | Tuber beyerlei | Trappe, Bonito & Guevara | 2012 | Oregon, USA |
18. | Tuber bisporum | Gilkey | 1925 | |
19. | Tuber bituminatum | Berk. & Broome | 1851 | |
20. | Tuber blotii | Eudes-Desl. | ||
21. | Tuber bomiense | K.M.Su & W.P.Xiong | 2013 | Tibet |
22. | Tuber bonnetii | Roum. | 1882 | |
23. | Tuber borchianum | Zobel | 1854 | |
24. | Tuber borchii | Vittad. | 1831 | |
25. | Tuber brumale | Vittad. | 1831 | |
26. | Tuber californicum | Harkn. | 1899 | |
27. | Tuber canaliculatum | Gilkey | 1920 | |
28. | Tuber candidum | Harkn. | 1899 | |
29. | Tuber caroli | H.Bonnet | 1885 | |
30. | Tuber castaneum | (Wallr.) Corda | 1854 | |
31. | Tuber castellanoi | G.Bonito & Trappe | 2010 | |
32. | Tuber castilloi | Guevara, Bonito & Trappe | 2012 | Mexico |
33. | Tuber cervinum | (L.) Nees | 1817 | |
34. | Tuber cibarium | With. | 1792 | |
35. | Tuber cinereum | Tul. | ||
36. | Tuber cistophilum | P.Alvarado, G.Moreno | 2012 | Spain |
37. | Tuber citrinum | Harkn. | 1899 | |
38. | Tuber clarei | Gilkey | 1963 | |
39. | Tuber croci | Dubois | 1803 | |
40. | Tuber culinare | Zobel | 1854 | |
41. | Tuber debaryanum | R.Hesse | 1891 | |
42. | Tuber donnagotto | Božac, Širić & Kos | 2012 | Croatia |
43. | Tuber dryophilum | Tul. & C.Tul. | 1844 | |
44. | Tuber echinatum | Sacc. & Paol. | 1888 | |
45. | Tuber eisenii | Harkn. | 1899 | |
46. | Tuber esculentum | Sacc. | 1889 | |
47. | Tuber excavatum | Vittad. | 1831 | |
48. | Tuber exiguum | R.Hesse | 1891 | |
49. | Tuber ferrugineum | Vittad.0 | 1831 | |
50. | Tuber filamentosum | (Wallr.) Tul. | 1851 | |
51. | Tuber foetidum | Vittad. | 1831 | |
52. | Tuber fulgens | Quél. | 1880 | |
53. | Tuber furfuraceum | H.T.Hu & Y.I.Wang | 2005 | |
54. | Tuber fuscum | (Wallr.) Corda | 1837 | |
55. | Tuber gallicum | Corda | 1854 | |
56. | Tuber gardneri | Gilkey | 1916 | |
57. | Tuber gibbosum | Harkn. | 1899 | |
58. | Tuber giganteum | Gilkey | 1925 | |
59. | Tuber gigantosporum | Y.Wang & Z.P.Li | 1991 | |
60. | Tuber griseum | Borch ex Pers. | 1801 | |
61. | Tuber guevarai | Bonito & Trappe | 2012 | Mexico |
62. | Tuber gulonum | (Corda) Paol. | 1889 | |
63. | Tuber gulosorum | (Scop.) F.H.Wigg. | 1780 | |
64. | Tuber guzmanii | Trappe & Cázares | 2006 | |
65. | Tuber harknessii | Gilkey | 1954 | |
66. | Tuber hiemalbum | Chatin | 1892 | |
67. | Tuber himalayense | B.C.Zhang & Minter | 1988 | |
68. | Tuber hiromichii | (S.Imai) Trappe | 1979 | |
69. | Tuber huidongense | Y.Wang | 2002 | |
70. | Tuber huizeanum | L.Fan & C.L.Hou | 2011 | China |
71. | Tuber indicum | Cooke & Massee | 1895 | |
72. | Tuber intermedium | Bucholtz | 1901 | |
73. | Tuber irradians | Gilkey | 1916 | |
74. | Tuber lacunosum | Mattir. | 1900 | |
75. | Tuber lapideum | Mattir. | 1887 | |
76. | Tuber latisporum | Juan Chen & P.G.Liu | 2007 | |
77. | Tuber lauryi | Trappe, Bonito & Guevara | 2012 | Oregon, USA |
78. | Tuber lespiaultii | (Corda) Tul. | 1851 | |
79. | Tuber levissimum | Gilkey | 1916 | |
80. | Tuber liaotongense | Y.Wang | 1990 | |
81. | Tuber lignarium | (Harkn.) Gilkey | 1916 | |
82. | Tuber lijiangense | L.Fan & J.Z.Cao | 2011 | China |
83. | Tuber linsdalei | Gilkey | 1954 | |
84. | Tuber liui | A S.Xu | 1999 | |
85. | Tuber longisporum | Gilkey | 1925 | |
86. | Tuber lucidum | Vittad. | 1884 | |
87. | Tuber lucidum | H.Bonnet | 1884 | |
88. | Tuber lutescens | Lázaro Ibiza | 1908 | |
89. | Tuber luteum | Regel | 1888 | |
90. | Tuber lyoniae | Butters | 1903 | |
91. | Tuber macrosporum | Vittad. | 1831 | |
92. | Tuber maculatum | Vittad. | 1831 | |
93. | Tuber magnatum | Picco | 1788 | |
94. | Tuber malacodermum | E.Fisch. | 1923 | |
95. | Tuber malenconii | Donadini, Riousset | 1979 | |
96. | Tuber maresa | Font Quer | 1931 | |
97. | Tuber meandriformis | (Vittad.) Massee ined. | ||
98. | Tuber melanosporum | Vittad. | 1831 | |
99. | Tuber mesentericum | Vittad. | 1831 | |
100. | Tuber mexiusanum | Guevara, Bonito & Cázares. | 2012 | Mexico, USA |
101. | Tuber michailowskianum | Bucholtz | 1908 | |
102. | Tuber microspermum | L.Fan & Y.Li | 2012 | China |
103. | Tuber microsphaerosporum | L.Fan & Y.Li | 2012 | China |
104. | Tuber microspiculatum | L.Fan & Yu Li | 2012 | China |
105. | Tuber microsporum | Vittad. | 1831 | Mexico |
106. | Tuber microverrucosum | L.Fan & C.L.Hou | 2011 | China |
107. | Tuber minimum | Bornh. | 1889 | |
108. | Tuber miquihuanense | Guevara, Bonito & Cázares | 2012 | |
109. | Tuber mixtum | Risso | 1889 | |
110. | Tuber monosporum | (Mattir.) Vizzini | 2008 | |
111. | Tuber montagnei | Zobel | 1854 | |
112. | Tuber montanum | Chatin | 1892 | |
113. | Tuber monticola | Harkn. | 1899 | |
114. | Tuber moravicum | Velen. | 1947 | |
115. | Tuber moretii | Maire | 1926 | |
116. | Tuber moschatum | Bull. | 1790 | |
117. | Tuber mougeotii | Quél. | 1881 | |
118. | Tuber multimaculatum | Parladé, Trappe & I.F.Alvarez | 1993 | |
119. | Tuber murinum | R.Hesse | 1891 | |
120. | Tuber mutabile | Quél. | 1881 | |
121. | Tuber nigrum | Bull. | 1788 | |
122. | Tuber nitidum | Vittad.0 | 1831 | |
123. | Tuber niveum | Desf. | 1799 | |
124. | Tuber nuciforme | Corda | 1854 | |
125. | Tuber obtextum | Spreng. | 1815 | |
126. | Tuber occidentale | Corda | 1854 | |
127. | Tuber oligospermum | (Tul. & C.Tul.) Trappe | 1979 | |
128. | Tuber oligosporum | Vittad. | 1831 | |
129. | Tuber olivaceum | Harkn. | 1899 | |
130. | Tuber oregonense | Trappe, Bonito & P.Rawl. | 2010 | |
131. | Tuber pacificum | Trappe, Castellano & Bushnell | 2000 | |
132. | Tuber pallidum | Lázaro Ibiza | 1908 | |
133. | Tuber panniferum | Tul. | 1851 | |
134. | Tuber panzhihuanense | X.J.Deng & Y.Wang | 2012 | China |
135. | Tuber phlebodermum | (Gilkey) Trappe | 1979 | |
136. | Tuber piperatum | H.Bonnet | 1884 | |
137. | Tuber polyspermum | L.Fan & C.L.Hou | 2011 | China |
138. | Tuber pseudoexcavatum | Y.Wang, G.Moreno | 1998 | |
139. | Tuber pseudohimalayense | G.Moreno, Manjón | 1997 | |
140. | Tuber puberulum | Berk. & Broome | 1846 | |
141. | Tuber queletianum | Bataille | 1921 | |
142. | Tuber quercicola | J.L.Frank, D.Southworth & Trappe | 2006 | |
143. | Tuber rapaeodorum | Tul. & C.Tul. | 1843 | |
144. | Tuber regianum | Montecchi & Lazzari | 1987 | |
145. | Tuber regimontanum | Bonito & Julio Rodríguez | 2008 | |
146. | Tuber renati | H.Bonnet | 1884 | |
147. | Tuber requienii | Tul. | 1843 | |
148. | Tuber rhenanum | Fuckel | 1870 | |
149. | Tuber rufum | Pollini | 1816 | |
150. | Tuber rutilum | R.Hesse | 1891 | |
151. | Tuber scleroneuron | Berk. & Broome | 1851 | |
152. | Tuber scruposum | R.Hesse | 1891 | |
153. | Tuber separans | Gilkey | 1916 | |
154. | Tuber shearii | Harkn. | 1920 | |
155. | Tuber sinense | X.L.Mao | 2000 | |
156. | Tuber sinoaestivum | J.P.Zhang & P.G.Liu | 2012 | China |
157. | Tuber sinoalbidum | L.Fan & J.Z.Cao | 2011 | China |
158. | Tuber sinoexcavatum | L.Fan & Yu Li | 2011 | China |
159. | Tuber sinuosum | Lázaro Ibiza | 1908 | |
160. | Tuber solidum | With. | 1792 | |
161. | Tuber sphaerospermum | Guy Garcia & M.C.Roux | 2006 | |
162. | Tuber sphaerosporum | Gilkey | 1939 | |
163. | Tuber spinoreticulatum | Uecker & Burds. | 1977 | |
164. | Tuber suecicum | Wittr. | 1889 | |
165. | Tuber taiyuanense | B.Liu | 1985 | |
166. | Tuber texense | Heimsch | 1959 | |
167. | Tuber umbilicatum | Juan Chen & P.G.Liu | 2006 | |
168. | Tuber uncinatum | Chatin | 1892 | |
169. | Tuber unicolor | Gilkey | 1920 | |
170. | Tuber vacini | Velen. | 1947 | |
171. | Tuber venturii | (Corda) Tul. | 1851 | |
172. | Tuber verii | Pacioni & Lalli | 1989 | |
173. | Tuber virens | Alb. & Schwein. | 1805 | |
174. | Tuber virens | Schwein. | 1822 | |
175. | Tuber walkeri | Healy, Bonito & Guevara | 2012 | Iowa, USA |
176. | Tuber whetstonense | D.Southworth & Trappe | 2006 | |
177. | Tuber xizangense | A S.Xu | 1999 | |
178. | Tuber zeylanicum | Berk. & Broome | 1875 | |
179. | Tuber zhongdianense | X.Y.He, Hai M.Li & Y.Wang | 2004 |
經濟價值
成份
食用
功效
採集方式
種植前景
相關詞條
- 松露油