米爾頓·弗里德曼(Milton Friedman),美國當代經濟學家、芝加哥大學教授、芝加哥經濟學派代表人物之一,貨幣學派的代表人物。以研究總量經濟學、個體經濟學、經濟史、統計學、及主張自由放任資本主義而聞名。1976年獲諾貝爾經濟學獎,以表揚他在消費分析、貨幣供應理論及歷史、和穩定政策複雜性等範疇的貢獻。有趣的是,弗里德曼是另一位芝加哥經濟學派代表人物、法律經濟學奠基人亞倫·戴雷科特的妹夫。
其著作《資本主義與自由》於1962年出版,提倡將政府的角色最小化以讓自由市場運作,以此維持政治和社會自由。他的政治哲學強調自由市場經濟的優點,並反對政府的干預。他的理論成了自由意志主義的主要經濟根據之一,並且對1980年代開始美國的里根以及許多其他國家的經濟政策都有極大影響。
基本介紹
傳記
學術貢獻
主要觀點
大蕭條
自由意志主義政策
學券制
其他
理論貢獻
現代貨幣數量論
消費函式理論
“自然率假說”理論
外訪
智利
中國大陸
香港
冰島
愛沙尼亞
普及經濟學
- “最大錯誤之一是,是不依政策和計畫的結果,而是依它們的意圖來評斷它們。”(One of the great mistakes is to judge policies and programmes by their intentions rather than their results. )
- “政府所提出解決問題的辦法,通常都跟問題本身一樣差勁。”(The government solution to a problem is usually as bad as the problem.)
- “構成大多數反自由市場理論的,其實是對自由本身的不信任。”
著作
一般書籍[編輯]
- Roofs or Ceilings?: The Current Housing Problem 與喬治·斯蒂格勒. (Foundation for Economic Education, 1946), 22 pp. 批評政府施加的租金管制.
- 《資本主義與自由》 Capitalism and Freedom ISBN 0-226-26401-7 (1962年)
- Social Security: Universal or Selective? 與Wilbur J. Cohen (1972年)
- 《世上沒有免費午餐》 There's No Such Thing as a Free Lunch (1975年),《新聞周刊》專欄
- 《選擇的自由》 Free to Choose: A personal statement, 與羅絲·弗里德曼,(1980年).繁體中文版
- The Case for Overhauling the Federal Reserve, 1985, Challenge雜誌文章
- Economic Freedom, Human Freedom, Political Freedom ISBN 1-883969-00-X (1992年), 小書本
- The Drug War as a Socialist Enterprise,in Arnold S. Trebach, ed. Friedman and Szasz on Liberty and Drugs: Essays on the Free Market and Prohibition (Drug Policy Foundation Press: 1992)
- George Stigler: A Personal Reminiscence, Journal of Political Economy Vol. 101, No. 5 (Oct., 1993), pp. 768-773 JSTOR
- George J. Stigler, 1911-1991: Biographical Memoir, 1998, 在 National Academy of Science
- Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History ISBN 0-15-162042-3 (1994年)
- The Case for Free Trade,與羅絲·弗里德曼,1997年, Hoover Digest
- 《兩個幸運的人》Two Lucky People: Memoirs of Milton and Rose D. Friedman,與羅絲·弗里德曼,ISBN 0-226-26414-9 (1998). 簡體中文版 繁體中文版
- Reflections on A Monetary History The Cato Journal, Vol. 23, 2004年
- J. Daniel Hammond and Claire H. Hammond, ed., Making Chicago Price Theory: Friedman-Stigler Correspondence, 1945-1957. Routledge, 2006. 165 pp. ISBN 0-415-70078-7.
學術書籍及文章
- "Professor Pigou's Method for Measuring Elasticities of Demand From Budgetary Data" The Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 50, No. 1 (Nov., 1935), pp. 151-163 JSTOR
- "Marginal Utility of Money and Elasticities of Demand," The Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 50, No. 3 (May, 1936), pp. 532-533 JSTOR
- "The Use of Ranks to Avoid the Assumption of Normality Implicit in the Analysis of Variance," Journal of the American Statistical Association Vol. 32, No. 200 (Dec., 1937), pp. 675-701 JSTOR
- "The Inflationary Gap: II. Discussion of the Inflationary Gap," American Economic Review Vol. 32, No. 2, Part 1 (Jun., 1942), pp. 314-320 JSTOR
- "The Spendings Tax as a Wartime Fiscal Measure," American Economic Review Vol. 33, No. 1, Part 1 (Mar., 1943), pp. 50-62 JSTOR
- Taxing to Prevent Inflation: Techniques for Estimating Revenue Requirements (Columbia U.P. 1943, 236pp) with Carl Shoup and Ruth P. Mack
- Income from Independent Professional Practice with Simon Kuznets (1945), 弗里德曼的博士論文
- "Lange on Price Flexibility and Employment: A Methodological Criticism," American Economic Review Vol. 36, No. 4 (Sep., 1946), pp. 613-631 JSTOR
- "Utility Analysis of Choices Involving Risk" with Leonard Savage, 1948, Journal of Political Economy Vol. 56, No. 4 (Aug., 1948), pp. 279-304 JSTOR
- "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability", 1948, American Economic Review, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jun., 1948), pp. 245-264 JSTOR
- "A Fiscal and Monetary Framework for Economic Stability," Econometrica Vol. 17, Supplement: Report of the Washington Meeting (Jul., 1949), pp. 330-332 JSTOR
- "The Marshallian Demand Curve," The Journal of Political Economy Vol. 57, No. 6 (Dec., 1949), pp. 463-495 JSTOR
- "Wesley C. Mitchell as an Economic Theorist," The Journal of Political Economy Vol. 58, No. 6 (Dec., 1950), pp. 465-493 JSTOR
- "Some Comments on the Significance of Labor Unions for Economic Policy", 1951, in D. McC. Wright, editor, The Impact of the Union.
- "Commodity-Reserve Currency," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 59, No. 3 (Jun., 1951), pp. 203-232 JSTOR
- "Price, Income, and Monetary Changes in Three Wartime Periods," American Economic Review Vol. 42, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1952), pp. 612-625 JSTOR
- "The Expected-Utility Hypothesis and the Measurability of Utility", with Leonard Savage, 1952, Journal of Political Economy Vol. 60, No. 6 (Dec., 1952), pp. 463-474 JSTOR
- The Methodology of Positive Economics (1953)
- Essays in Positive Economics (1953)
- "Choice, Chance, and the Personal Distribution of Income," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 61, No. 4 (Aug., 1953), pp. 277-290 JSTOR
- "The Quantity Theory of Money: A restatement", 1956, in Friedman, editor, Studies in Quantity Theory.
- A Theory of the Consumption Function (1957)
- "A Statistical Illusion in Judging Keynesian Models" with Gary S. Becker, Journal of Political Economy Vol. 65, No. 1 (Feb., 1957), pp. 64-75 JSTOR
- "The Supply of Money and Changes in Prices and Output", 1958, in Relationship of Prices to Economic Stability and Growth.
- "The Demand for Money: Some Theoretical and Empirical Results," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 67, No. 4 (Aug., 1959), pp. 327-351 JSTOR
- A Program for Monetary Stability (Fordham University Press, 1960) 110 pp
- "Monetary Data and National Income Estimates," Economic Development and Cultural Change Vol. 9, No. 3, (Apr., 1961), pp. 267-286 JSTOR
- "The Lag in Effect of Monetary Policy," Journal of Political EconomyVol. 69, No. 5 (Oct., 1961), pp. 447-466 JSTOR
- Price Theory ISBN 0-202-06074-8 (1962), college textbook
- "The Interpolation of Time Series by Related Series," Journal of the American Statistical Association Vol. 57, No. 300 (Dec., 1962), pp. 729-757 JSTOR
- "Should There be an Independent Monetary Authority?", in L.B. Yeager, editor, In Search of a Monetary Constitution
- Inflation: Causes and consequences, 1963.
- "Money and Business Cycles," The Review of Economics and Statistics Vol. 45, No. 1, Part 2, Supplement (Feb., 1963), pp. 32-64 JSTOR
- A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, with Anna J. Schwartz, 1963; part 3 reprinted as The Great Contraction
- "Money and Business Cycles" with A. J. Schwartz, 1963, Review of Economics & Statistics.
- "The Relative Stability of Monetary Velocity and the Investment Multiplier in the United States, 1898-1958", with D. Meiselman, 1963, in Stabilization Policies.
- "A Reply to Donald Hester", with D. Meiselman, 1964
- "Reply to Ando and Modigliani and to DePrano and Mayer," with David Meiselman. American Economic Review Vol. 55, No. 4 (Sep., 1965), pp. 753-785 JSTOR
- "Interest Rates and the Demand for Money," Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 9 (Oct., 1966), pp. 71-85 JSTOR
- The Balance of Payments: Free Versus Fixed Exchange Rates with Robert V. Roosa (1967)]
- "The Monetary Theory and Policy of Henry Simons," Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 10 (Oct., 1967), pp. 1-13 JSTOR
- "What Price Guideposts?", in G.P. Schultz, R.Z. Aliber, editors, Guidelines
- "The Role of Monetary Policy." American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Mar., 1968), pp. 1-17 JSTOR presidential address to American Economics Association
- "Money: the Quantity Theory", 1968, IESS
- "The Definition of Money: Net Wealth and Neutrality as Criteria" with Anna J. Schwartz, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking Vol. 1, No. 1 (Feb., 1969), pp. 1-14 JSTOR
- 'Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy with Walter W. Heller (1969)
- "Comment on Tobin", 1970, Quarterly Journal of Economics
- "Monetary Statistics of the United States: Sources, methods. with Anna J. Schwartz, 1970.
- "A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 78, No. 2 (Mar., 1970), pp. 193-238 JSTOR
- The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory 1970.
- "A Monetary Theory of National Income", 1971, Journal of Political Economy
- "Government Revenue from Inflation," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 79, No. 4 (Jul., 1971), pp. 846-856 JSTOR
- "Have Monetary Policies Failed?" American Economic Review Vol. 62, No. 1/2 (1972), pp. 11-18 JSTOR
- "Comments on the Critics," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 80, No. 5 (Sep., 1972), pp. 906-950 JSTOR
- "Comments on the Critics", 1974, in Gordon, ed. Milton Friedman and his Critics.
- "Monetary Correction: A proposal for escalation clauses to reduce the cost of ending inflation", 1974
- The Optimum Quantity of Money: And Other Essays (1976)
- Milton Friedman in Australia, 1975 (1975)
- Milton Friedman's Monetary Framework: A Debate with His Critics (1975)
- "Comments on Tobin and Buiter", 1976, in J. Stein, editor, Monetarism.
- "Inflation and Unemployment: Nobel lecture", 1977, Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 85, pp. 451-72. JSTOR
- "Interrelations between the United States and the United Kingdom, 1873-1975.", with A.J. Schwartz, 1982, J Int Money and Finance
- Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom: Their relations to income, prices and interest rates, 1876-1975. with Anna J. Schwartz, 1982
- "Monetary Policy: Theory and Practice," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking Vol. 14, No. 1 (Feb., 1982), pp. 98-118 JSTOR
- "Monetary Policy: Tactics versus strategy", 1984, in Moore, editor, To Promote Prosperity.
- “Lessons from the 1979-1982 Monetary Policy Experiment, ” Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Association. pp. 397-401. (1984).
- "Has Government Any Role in Money?" with Anna J. Schwartz, 1986, JME
- "Quantity Theory of Money", in J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, P. Newman, eds., The New Palgrave (1998)
- "Money and the Stock Market," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 96, No. 2 (Apr., 1988), pp. 221-245 JSTOR
- "Bimetallism Revisited," Journal of Economic Perspectives Vol. 4, No. 4 (Autumn, 1990), pp. 85-104 JSTOR
- "The Crime of 1873," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 98, No. 6 (Dec., 1990), pp. 1159-1194 JSTOR
- "Franklin D. Roosevelt, Silver, and China," Journal of Political Economy Vol. 100, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 62-83 JSTOR
關於弗里德曼
- Chao, Hsiang-ke. "Milton Friedman and the Emergence of the Permanent Income Hypothesis" History of Political Economy 2003 35(1): 77-104. Issn: 0018-2702 Fulltext in Project Muse
- A.W. Bob Coats; "The Legacy of Milton Friedman as Teacher" Economic Record, Vol. 77, 2001
- Frazer, William. Power and Ideas: Milton Friedman and the Big U-Turn. Vol. 1: The Background. Vol. 2: The U-Turn. Gainesville, Fla.: Gulf/Atlantic, 1988. 867 pp.
- Hammond, J. Daniel. "Remembering Economics" Journal of the History of Economic Thought 2003 25(2): 133-143. Issn: 1042-7716; focus is on Friedman
- Hirsch, Abraham, and Neil de Marchi. Milton Friedman: Economics in Theory and Practice (1990) his methodology
- Jordan, Jerry L., Allan H. Meltzer, Thomas J. Sargent and Anna J. Schwartz; "Milton, Money, and Mischief: Symposium and Articles in Honor of Milton Friedman's 80th Birthday" Economic Inquiry. Volume: 31. Issue: 2. 1993. pp 197+.
- Kasper, Sherryl. The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers (2002)
- Leeson, Robert, ed. Ideology and International Economy: The Decline and Fall of Bretton Woods (2003)
- Powell, Jim. The Triumph of Liberty (New York: Free Press, 2000). See profile of Friedman in the chapter "Inflation and Depression."
- Rayack; Elton. Not So Free to Choose: The Political Economy of Milton Friedman and Ronald Reagan Praeger, 1987; attacks Friedman's policies from the left
- Steindl, Frank G. "Friedman and Money in the 1930s" History of Political Economy 2004 36(3): 521-531. Issn: 0018-2702 lecture notes from his 1940 course show he did not criticize the Fed at that time, and did not emphasize money.
- Tavlas, George S. "Retrospectives: Was the Monetarist Tradition Invented?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 1998 12(4): 211-222. Issn: 0895-3309 Fulltext in JSTOR
- Stigler, George Joseph. Memoirs of an Unregulated Economist (1988)
- Wahid, Abu N. M. ed; Frontiers of Economics: Nobel Laureates of the Twentieth Century. Greenwood Press. 2002 pp 109-15.