作品前言
《Organic Chemistry:A Brief Course》是供臨床醫學、生物學、藥學等學科相關專業使用的有機化學本科英語教材,其內容表述規範,可讀性強。該教材與我國供基礎、臨床、預防、口腔醫學等專業使用的衛生部“十二五”規劃教材《有機化學》的知識體系及教學內容接近,符合我國醫學學科相關專業有機化學教學的基本要求,可用於我國高等學校醫學相關專業有機化學的雙語教學。
為了使本教材更適合我國醫學學科相關專業的有機化學教學,化學工業出版社組織國內五所高等院校10位富有有機化學教學經驗的教師,以該教材的第13版為藍本,在尊重原教材著作權的基礎上,對該教材進行了改編。改編版本既充分體現原書特點,又更適用於我國的讀者。改編重點為:第3章、第7~10章增加了若干知識點,第14章刪減了部分內容。為使教材更加精煉緊湊,改編教材還刪除了原書的靜電勢能圖、部分球棍模型圖、“A Word About…”小短文以及索引等內容。全書調整了部分內容的陳述順序、章節標題,添加了專業術語的中文譯註,增刪了部分習題。改編後,教材內容具有更好的系統性、完整性和可讀性。該教材改編後,除了可用作相關專業有機化學雙語教學的教材外,也可供非雙語教學的師生及其他科技工作者用作學習有機化學的參考書。
該教材的改編由上海交通大學醫學院的陸陽、楊麗敏負責統稿。參加改編的教師有上海交通大學醫學院陸陽、楊麗敏、林琦,山東大學郭今心,中南大學羅一鳴,大連醫科大學賀欣、徐乃進,南華大學鄧健、孫允凱、聶長明。由於水平有限,該教材的改編難免有不妥之處,敬請廣大師生及其他讀者批評指正。
編 者
2013年6月25日於上海
主要內容
本書以儘量簡短的篇幅向大家介紹
有機化學的全貌,並注意有機化學與醫藥學等專業的緊密聯繫。本書的章節組織符合認知規律,在第1章介紹化學鍵、異構體和有機化合物分類的基礎上,順勢引出了飽和、不飽和及芳香族碳氫化合物等三章內容。反應機理的概念引入較早,以便在後面各章反覆加強。立體異構現象在第2章和第3章作了簡單介紹,然後在第5章進行了專門探討。第6章含鹵有機化合物的介紹作為理解取代反應、消除反應和立體化學動力學的工具。第7~10章按碳的氧化態升高的順序介紹含氧官能團化合物——醇和酚、醚和環氧化合物、醛和酮、羧酸及其衍生物,它們的含硫類似物也都簡單提及。第11章介紹胺類化合物。第2~11章為本書的核心。第12章為波譜學基礎,重點介紹核磁共振及其套用。第13、14章介紹了雜環化合物和高聚物。最後四章為脂類,糖類,胺基酸、肽和蛋白質,核酸等重要生物物質的介紹。
圖書目錄
1 Bonding and Isomerism(鍵合和異構) 001
2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes; Conformational and Geometric Isomerism
(烷烴和環烷烴;構象和幾何異構) 031
3 Alkenes and Alkynes(烯烴和炔烴) 054
4 Aromatic Compounds(芳香化合物) 094
5 Stereoisomerism(立體異構) 119
6 Organic Halogen Compounds; Substitution and Elimination Reactions
(含鹵有機化合物;取代反應和消除反應) 143
7 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols(醇,酚和硫醇) 162
8 Ethers and Epoxides(醚和環氧化合物) 184
9 Aldehydes and Ketones(醛和酮) 200
10 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives(羧酸及其衍生物) 230
11 Amines and Related Nitrogen Compounds(胺和相關含氮化合物) 263
12 Spectroscopy and Structure Determination(波譜學和結構測定) 287
13 Heterocyclic Compounds(雜環化合物) 315
14 Synthetic Polymers(合成高聚物) 331
15 Lipids and Detergents(脂類和洗滌劑) 350
16 Carbohydrates(糖類) 368
17 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins(胺基酸,肽和蛋白質) 394
18 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids(核苷酸和核酸) 419
Contents
1 Bonding and Isomerism(鍵合和異構) 001
1.1 How Electrons Are Arranged in Atoms(原子中的電子排布) 002
1.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonding(離子鍵和共價鍵) 003
1.3 Carbon and the Covalent Bond(碳原子和共價鍵) 006
1.4 Carbon–Carbon Single Bonds(碳-碳單鍵) 007
1.5 Polar Covalent Bonds(極性共價鍵) 008
1.6 Multiple Covalent Bonds(多重共價鍵) 010
1.7 Valence(化合價) 011
1.8 Isomerism(異構現象) 011
1.9 Writing Structural Formulas(結構式的書寫) 012
1.10 Abbreviated Structural Formulas(簡化結構式) 014
1.11 Formal Charge(形式電荷) 016
1.12 Resonance(共振理論) 017
1.13 Arrow Formalism(箭頭形式) 018
1.14 The Orbital View of Bonding; the Sigma Bond
(共價鍵的軌道理論;σ鍵) 019
1.15 Carbon sp3 Hybrid Orbitals(碳的sp3雜化軌道) 020
1.16 Tetrahedral Carbon; the Bonding in Methane(碳原子的四面體結構;甲烷分子中的碳氫鍵) 022
1.17 Classification According to Molecular Framework
(按分子骨架分類) 023
1.18 Classification According to Functional Group(按功能基分類) 026
2 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes; Conformational and Geometric Isomerism(烷烴和環烷烴;構象和幾何異構) 031
2.1 The Structures of Alkanes(烷烴的結構) 032
2.2 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds(有機化合物的命名) 033
2.3 IUPAC Rules for Naming Alkanes(烷烴的IUPAC命名規則) 034
2.4 Alkyl and Halogen Substituents(烷基和鹵素取代基) 036
2.5 Use of the IUPAC Rules(IUPAC命名規則的套用) 037
2.6 Sources of Alkanes(烷烴的來源) 038
2.7 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Nonbonding Intermolecular Interactions(烷烴的物理性質和分子間的非鍵作用) 038
2.8 Conformations of Alkanes(烷烴的構象) 040
2.9 Cycloalkane Nomenclature and Conformation
(環烷烴的命名和構象) 041
2.10 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes(環烷烴的順反異構) 045
2.11 Summary of Isomerism(異構現象小結) 046
2.12 Reactions of Alkanes(烷烴的化學反應) 046
2.13 The Free-Radical Chain Mechanism of Halogenation
(烷烴鹵代的自由基鏈反應機制) 049
3 Alkenes and Alkynes(烯烴和炔烴) 054
3.1 Definition and Classification(定義和分類) 055
3.2 Nomenclature(命名) 056
3.3 Some Facts about Double Bonds(碳碳雙鍵的特徵) 058
3.4 The Orbital Model of a Double Bond; the Pi Bond(碳碳雙鍵的軌道模型;π鍵) 059
3.5 Cis–Trans Isomerism in Alkenes(烯烴的順反異構現象) 061
3.6 Addition and Substitution Reactions Compared(加成和取代反應的比較) 065
3.7 Polar Addition Reactions(極性加成反應) 065
3.8 Addition of Unsymmetric Reagents to Unsymmetric Alkenes; Markovnikov’s Rule(不對稱試劑與不對稱烯烴的加成;馬爾可夫尼可夫規則) 067
3.9 Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes(烯烴的親電加成機制) 069
3.10 Markovnikov’s Rule Explained(馬爾可夫尼可夫規則的解釋) 070
3.11 Reaction Equilibrium: What Makes a Reaction Go?
(反應平衡:什麼使反應能夠進行下去?) 072
3.12 Reaction Rates: How Fast Does a Reaction Go?(反應速率:反應進行得有多快?) 073
3.13 Hydroboration of Alkenes(烯烴的硼氫化反應) 075
3.14 Addition of Hydrogen(加氫反應) 077
3.15 Additions to Conjugated Systems(共軛烯烴的加成反應) 078
3.16 Free-Radical Additions; Polyethylene
(自由基加成反應;聚乙烯) 081
3.17 Oxidation of Alkenes(烯烴的氧化) 082
3.18 Some Facts about Triple Bonds(叄鍵的特徵) 084
3.19 The Orbital Model of a Triple Bond(叄鍵的軌道模型) 084
3.20 Addition Reactions of Alkynes(炔烴的加成反應) 084
3.21 Acidity of Alkynes(炔烴的酸性) 086
4 Aromatic Compounds(芳香化合物) 094
4.1 Some Facts about Benzene(有關苯的實驗事實) 095
4.2 The Kekulé Structure of Benzene(苯的凱庫勒結構式) 096
4.3 Resonance Model for Benzene(苯的共振結構模型) 096
4.4 Orbital Model for Benzene(苯的軌道模型) 097
4.5 Symbols for Benzene(苯的結構表達式) 098
4.6 Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds(芳香族化合物的命名) 098
4.7 The Resonance Energy of Benzene(苯的共振能) 101
4.8 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution(芳香親電取代反應) 102
4.9 The Mechanism of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution(芳香親電取代反應的機制) 103
4.10 Ring-Activating and Ring-Deactivating Substituents
(苯環的活化基和鈍化基) 107
4.11 Ortho,Para-Directing and Meta-Directing Groups
(鄰,對位定位基和間位定位基) 107
4.12 The Importance of Directing Effects in Synthesis
(定位效應在合成中的重要性) 111
4.13 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(多環芳香烴) 112
5 Stereoisomerism(立體異構) 119
5.1 Chirality and Enantiomers(手性和對映異構體) 120
5.2 Stereogenic Centers; the Stereogenic Carbon Atom
(手性中心;手性碳原子) 121
5.3 Configuration and the R-S Convention(R-S 構型) 124
5.4 Polarized Light and Optical Activity(偏振光和光學活性) 127
5.5 Properties of Enantiomers(對映異構體的性質) 129
5.6 Fischer Projection Formulas(費歇爾投影式) 130
5.7 Compounds with More Than One Stereogenic Center; Diastereomers(具有多個手性中心的化合物;非對映異構體) 132
5.8 Meso Compounds; the Stereoisomers of Tartaric Acid(內消旋化合物;酒石酸的立體異構體) 134
5.9 Stereochemistry: A Recap of Definitions(立體化學:定義概述) 135
5.10 Stereochemistry and Chemical Reactions
(立體化學和化學反應) 136
5.11 Resolution of a Racemic Mixture(外消旋體的拆分) 138
6 Organic Halogen Compounds; Substitution and Elimination Reactions(含鹵有機化合物;取代反應和消除反應) 143
6.1 Nucleophilic Substitution(親核取代反應) 144
6.2 Examples of Nucleophilic Substitutions(親核取代反應實例) 144
6.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanisms(親核取代反應機制) 147
6.4 The SN2 Mechanism(雙分子親核取代機制) 147
6.5 The SN1 Mechanism(單分子親核取代機制) 149
6.6 The SN1 and SN2 Mechanisms Compared(SN1和SN2反應
機制的比較) 151
6.7 Dehydrohalogenation, an Elimination Reaction; the E2 and E1 Mechanisms(脫鹵化氫,消除反應;雙分子消除和單分子消除機制) 153
6.8 Substitution and Elimination in Competition(取代反應和消除
反應的相互競爭) 154
6.9 Polyhalogenated Aliphatic Compounds(多鹵代脂肪烴) 156
7 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols(醇,酚和硫醇) 162
7.1 Nomenclature of Alcohols(醇的命名) 163
7.2 Classification of Alcohols(醇的分類) 164
7.3 Nomenclature of Phenols(酚的命名) 164
7.4 Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohols and Phenols
(醇和酚分子中的氫鍵) 165
7.5 Acidity and Basicity Reviewed(酸性和鹼性) 166
7.6 The Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols(醇和酚的酸性) 168
7.7 The Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols(醇和酚的鹼性) 170
7.8 Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes
(醇脫水生成烯烴的反應) 170
7.9 The Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides
(醇與鹵化氫的反應) 172
7.10 Other Ways to Prepare Alkyl Halides from Alcohols
(由醇製備鹵代烴的方法) 173
7.11 A Comparison of Alcohols and Phenols(醇和酚的比較) 174
7.12 Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids(醇的氧化反應——生成醛,酮和羧酸) 174
7.13 Alcohols with More Than One Hydroxyl Group(多元醇) 175
7.14 Aromatic Substitution in Phenols(酚的芳香取代反應) 176
7.15 Oxidation of Phenols(酚的氧化反應) 177
7.16 Phenols as Antioxidants(酚類抗氧化劑) 177
7.17 Tests for Phenols(酚的鑑別) 178
7.18 Thiols, the Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols and Phenols
(硫醇,醇和酚的硫類似物) 178
8 Ethers and Epoxides(醚和環氧化合物) 184
8.1 Nomenclature of Ethers(醚的命名) 185
8.2 Physical Properties of Ethers(醚的物理性質) 186
8.3 Ethers as Solvents(醚作溶劑) 186
8.4 The Grignard Reagent; an Organometallic Compound(格利雅試劑;一種有機金屬化合物) 187
8.5 Preparation of Ethers(醚的製備) 189
8.6 Cleavage of Ethers(醚的裂解) 190
8.7 Epoxides (Oxiranes)[環氧化物(環氧乙烷)] 192
8.8 Reactions of Epoxides(環氧化物的反應) 192
8.9 Cyclic Ethers(環醚) 194
9 Aldehydes and Ketones(醛和酮) 200
9.1 Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones(醛和酮的命名) 201
9.2 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones(常見的醛和酮) 202
9.3 Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones(醛和酮的製備) 203
9.4 Aldehydes and Ketones in Nature(天然醛酮) 204
9.5 The Carbonyl Group(羰基) 205
9.6 Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Groups: An Overview
(羰基的親核加成:概述) 206
9.7 Addition of Alcohols: Formation of Hemiacetals and Acetals
(與醇加成:生成半縮醛和縮醛) 207
9.8 Addition of Water; Hydration of Aldehydes and Ketones
(與水加成:醛酮的水合) 210
9.9 Addition of Grignard Reagents and Acetylides
(與Grignard試劑和炔化物加成) 211
9.10 Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide; Cyanohydrins
(與氫氰酸加成:生成氰醇) 213
9.11 Addition of Nitrogen Nucleophiles(與含氮親核試劑加成) 214
9.12 Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds(羰基化合物的還原) 215
9.13 Oxidation of Carbonyl Compounds(羰基化合物的氧化) 216
9.14 Keto–Enol Tautomerism(酮式-烯醇式互變異構) 217
9.15 Acidity of a-Hydrogens; the Enolate Anion
(a-氫的酸性;烯醇負離子) 218
9.16 Deuterium Exchange in Carbonyl Compounds
(羰基化合物的氘代) 219
9.17 Halogenation(鹵代反應) 220
9.18 The Aldol Condensation(醇醛縮合反應) 221
9.19 The Mixed Aldol Condensation(混合醇醛縮合) 222
9.20 Commercial Syntheses via the Aldol Condensation
(醇醛縮合反應在合成中的套用) 223
10 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
(羧酸及其衍生物) 230
10.1 Nomenclature of Acids(羧酸的命名) 231
10.2 Physical Properties of Acids(羧酸的物理性質) 234
10.3 Acidity and Acidity Constants(酸性和酸度常數) 235
10.4 What Makes Carboxylic Acids Acidic?(羧酸的酸性基) 236
10.5 Effect of Structure on Acidity; the Inductive Effect Revisited
(羧酸的結構對酸性的影響;誘導效應的影響) 237
10.6 Conversion of Acids to Salts(成鹽反應) 238
10.7 Preparation of Acids(羧酸的製備) 239
10.8 Decarboxylation(脫羧反應) 242
10.9 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives(羧酸衍生物) 242
10.10 Esters(酯) 242
10.11 Preparation of Esters; Fischer Esterification
(酯的製備;Fischer酯化反應) 243
10.12 The Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed Esterification; Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution(酸催化酯化反應機制;醯基的親核取代) 244
10.13 Lactones(內酯) 245
10.14 Saponification of Esters(酯的皂化反應) 246
10.15 Ammonolysis of Esters(酯的氨解) 246
10.16 Reaction of Esters with Grignard Reagents
(酯與格利雅試劑的反應) 247
10.17 Reduction of Esters(酯的還原) 247
10.18 The Need for Activated Acyl Compounds
(醯基化合物活性的影響因素) 248
10.19 Acyl Halides(醯鹵) 248
10.20 Acid Anhydrides(酸酐) 250
10.21 Amides(醯胺) 252
10.22 A Summary of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives(羧酸衍生物小結) 253
10.23 The a-Hydrogen of Esters; the Claisen Condensation
(酯的a-氫;Claisen縮合) 255
11 Amines and Related Nitrogen Compounds(胺和相關含氮化合物) 263
11.1 Classification and Structure of Amines(胺的結構和分類) 264
11.2 Nomenclature of Amines(胺的命名) 265
11.3 Physical Properties and Intermolecular Interactions of Amines
(胺的物理性質和分子間相互作用) 266
11.4 Preparation of Amines; Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines
(胺的製備;氨和胺的烷基化) 267
11.5 Preparation of Amines; Reduction of Nitrogen Compounds
(胺的製備;含氮化合物的還原) 269
11.6 The Basicity of Amines(胺的鹼性) 271
11.7 Comparison of the Basicity and Acidity of Amines and Amides
(胺和醯胺的酸鹼性比較) 273
11.8 Reaction of Amines with Strong Acids; Amine Salts
(胺與強酸的反應;胺鹽) 274
11.9 Chiral Amines as Resolving Agents(手性胺作為拆分試劑) 276
11.10 Acylation of Amines with Acid Derivatives
(胺與羧酸衍生物的醯化反應) 276
11.11 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds(季銨化合物) 278
11.12 Aromatic Diazonium Compounds(芳香重氮化合物) 278
11.13 Diazo Coupling; Azo Dyes(重氮偶聯反應;偶氮染料) 281
12 Spectroscopy and Structure Determination(波譜學和結構測定) 287
12.1 Principles of Spectroscopy(波譜學原理) 288
12.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
(核磁共振波譜) 289
12.3 13C NMR Spectroscopy(13C NMR譜) 297
12.4 Infrared Spectroscopy(紅外光譜) 299
12.5 Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy(紫外-可見光譜) 302
12.6 Mass Spectrometry(質譜) 304
13 Heterocyclic Compounds(雜環化合物) 315
13.1 Pyridine: Bonding and Basicity(吡啶:結構和鹼性) 316
13.2 Substitution in Pyridine(吡啶的取代反應) 317
13.3 Other Six-Membered Heterocycles(其他六元雜環) 319
13.4 Five-Membered Heterocycles: Furan, Pyrrole, and Thiophene
(五元雜環:呋喃,吡咯和噻吩) 322
13.5 Electrophilic Substitution in Furan, Pyrrole, and Thiophene
(呋喃,吡咯和噻吩的親電取代反應) 323
13.6 Other Five-Membered Heterocycles: Azoles
(其他五元雜環;唑類) 324
13.7 Fused-Ring Five-Membered Heterocycles: Indoles and Purines
(稠環類五元雜環:吲哚和嘌呤) 325
14 Synthetic Polymers(合成高聚物) 331
14.1 Classification of Polymers(高聚物的分類) 332
14.2 Free-Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization(自由基鏈增長聚合) 332
14.3 Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization(陽離子鏈增長聚合) 336
14.4 Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization(陰離子鏈增長聚合) 337
14.5 Stereoregular Polymers; Ziegler-Natta Polymerization
(有規立構高聚物;齊格勒-納塔聚合) 338
14.6 Diene Polymers: Natural and Synthetic Rubber
(二烯高聚物:天然橡膠和合成橡膠) 339
14.7 Copolymers(共聚物) 341
14.8 Step-Growth Polymerization: Dacron and Nylon
(逐步增長聚合:滌綸和尼龍) 342
14.9 Other Step-Growth Polymers(其他逐步增長聚合物) 344
15 Lipids and Detergents(脂類和洗滌劑) 350
15.1 Fats and Oils; Triesters of Glycerol(油脂;甘油三酯) 351
15.2 Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils(植物油的氫化反應) 354
15.3 Saponification of Fats and Oils; Soap
(油脂的皂化反應;肥皂) 354
15.4 How Do Soaps Work?(肥皂如何去污?) 355
15.5 Synthetic Detergents (Syndets)(人工合成洗滌劑) 356
15.6 Phospholipids(磷脂) 359
15.7 Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Lipoxins
(前列腺素,白三烯和脂氧素) 359
15.8 Waxes(蠟) 360
15.9 Terpenes and Steroids(萜類和甾體化合物) 361
16 Carbohydrates(糖類) 368
16.1 Definitions and Classification(糖的定義和分類) 369
16.2 Monosaccharides(單糖) 369
16.3 Chirality in Monosaccharides; Fischer Projection Formulas and D, L-Sugars(單糖的手性;Fischer投影式和D,L-型糖) 370
16.4 The Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures of Monosaccharides
(單糖的環狀半縮醛結構) 373
16.5 Anomeric Carbons; Mutarotation(異頭碳;變旋光現象) 375
16.6 Pyranose and Furanose Structures(吡喃糖和呋喃糖的結構) 376
16.7 Conformations of Pyranoses(吡喃糖的構象) 377
16.8 Esters and Ethers from Monosaccharides
(單糖的成酯和成醚反應) 378
16.9 Reduction of Monosaccharides(單糖的還原) 379
16.10 Oxidation of Monosaccharides(單糖的氧化) 379
16.11 Formation of Glycosides from Monosaccharides
(單糖的成苷反應) 380
16.12 Disaccharides(雙糖) 382
16.13 Polysaccharides(多糖) 385
16.14 Sugar Phosphates(糖的磷酸酯) 388
16.15 Deoxy Sugars(脫氧糖) 388
16.16 Amino Sugars(氨基糖) 389
16.17 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)[抗壞血酸(維生素C)] 389
17 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
(胺基酸,肽和蛋白質) 394
17.1 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids(天然胺基酸) 395
17.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids(胺基酸的酸鹼性) 397
17.3 The Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids with More Than One Acidic or Basic Group(含有多個酸性或鹼性基團胺基酸的酸鹼性) 399
17.4 Electrophoresis(電泳) 401
17.5 Reactions of Amino Acids(胺基酸的反應) 401
17.6 The Ninhydrin Reaction(茚三酮反應) 402
17.7 Peptides(肽) 402
17.8 The Disulfide Bond(二硫鍵) 404
17.9 Proteins(蛋白質) 404
17.10 The Primary Structure of Proteins(蛋白質的一級結構) 404
17.11 The Logic of Sequence Determination
(序列測定的推理方法) 408
17.12 Secondary Structure of Proteins(蛋白質的二級結構) 409
17.13 Tertiary Structure: Fibrous and Globular Proteins(三級結構:纖維蛋白和球蛋白) 410
17.14 Quaternary Protein Structure(蛋白質的四級結構) 413
18 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids(核苷酸和核酸) 419
18.1 The General Structure of Nucleic Acids(核酸的一般結構) 420
18.2 Components of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
(脫氧核糖核酸的組成) 420
18.3 Nucleosides(核苷) 421
18.4 Nucleotides(核苷酸) 422
18.5 The Primary Structure of DNA(DNA的一級結構) 424
18.6 Sequencing Nucleic Acids(核酸的測序) 424
18.7 Secondary DNA Structure; the Double Helix
(DNA的二級結構;雙螺旋結構) 425
18.8 DNA Replication(DNA複製) 427
18.9 Ribonucleic Acids; RNA(核糖核酸;RNA) 428
18.10 The Genetic Code and Protein Biosynthesis
(遺傳密碼和蛋白質的生物合成) 429
18.11 Other Biologically Important Nucleotides
(生物學上其他的重要核苷酸) 431