分類 關係代詞有
主格 、
賓格 和
屬格 (所有格)之分,並有指人與指物之分。that的用法最廣,that 可指人也可指物。見表:
限定性 指人
非限定性 指物
限定性 指物
主 格
who/that
which
which/that
賓 格
whom/that
which
which/that
屬 格
whose
of which/whose
of which/whose
特殊代詞 but,as,than作關係代詞引導定語從句
but 既可指人,也可指物,常在定語從句中充當主語。but本身含“否定”的意思,其作用相當於"that /which /who...not"。它前面的主句通常有"否定"的詞(如:no,not, little,few,hardly等)。but引導的肯定定語從句和否定的主句連用,達到強烈肯定的修飾效果。例如: There is no mother but loves her own children.(=There is no mother that/who does not love her own children.)沒有不愛自己孩子的母親。
as既可指人,也可指物,常在
限制性定語從句 中充當主、賓、表語。as引導的定語從句的先行詞前面常有as /such /the same等修飾詞。例如: ①He is as brave a man as ever lived.他是世界上最勇敢的人。 ②Don’t read such books as are not worth reading.不要讀那些不值得讀的書。 as作關係代詞,還可用來引導
非限制性定語從句 ,as引導的定語從句可放在句首、句中或句末。例如: ① Taiwan,as we all know,is an inseparable part of China. ②As we all know,Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. ③Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as we all know.
than前通常有表比較的詞。例如:Fewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party.來參加晚會的朋友比我們預料的還要少。
在使用上述三個特殊的關係代詞時,還要注意區分下列兩個
詞組 :
1."such...that..."表"如此……以致……"的意思,用來引導一個結果狀語從句;而"such...as..."表"像……這(那)樣"的意思,用來引導定語從句,as在定語從句中充當主、賓、表語等。試比較下列兩個句子: ① He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一個如此誠實的人以致我們都尊敬他。 ② He is such an honest man as we respect.他像我們所尊敬的那種誠實的人。
2."the same...that..."表同一人或物,而"the same...as..."表同種類的東西。試比較下列兩個句子: ①This is the same book that I lost.這就是我丟失的那一本書。(指同一本書) ②This is the same book as I lost.我丟失的那一本書一模一樣。(並不是原來的那一本)
基本用法 引導 定語從句
The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin.
跟我講話的女孩是我表妹。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作
介詞 to的
賓語 。)
英語 This is the pencil whose point is broken.
這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。(whose 指物,在
限定性定語從句 中作定語)
He came back for the book that he had forgotten.
他回來拿他忘記了的那本書。(that指物,在限定性定語從句中作賓語,可以省略)
先行詞 which
如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他說在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。
其他用法 關係
代詞 that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略, 如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我已經忘了很多曾經學過的拉丁語。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他變化很大,已不是過去的他了。
注釋:關係代詞在從句中作
賓語 時可省略,that在從句中作
表語 時也可省略。
語法注意 1.常用that 不用which 的情況:
1)先行詞為不定代詞all,little,few,much,anything,everything, nothing, something等時。
I will do all (that) I can to help you.
2)先行詞被
序數詞 、形容詞最高級或the only, the very等所修飾或其本身就是序數詞﹑形容詞最高級時。
He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.
3)先行詞既有人,又有物時
They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.
4)當主句是以who 或which開頭的
疑問句 時,定語從句用that 引導,避免重複。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
2.若關係代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語,介詞可提前至關係代詞前,此時關係代詞只能用whom或which。
更多 關係詞 通常是用來引導
定語從句 的,但as,than和
but 這三個詞卻與
which ,who,
that ,where,
when 和why等典型的關係詞不同。三者本身具有常見的字面意義,前面有名詞作先行詞,但後面的定語從句卻不像典型的定語從句。這些既像
連線詞 又像關係詞的詞,我們就姑且稱它們為準關係詞。下面對其逐個作一分析:
用法詳解 that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 在引導
非限定性定語從句 時 (錯) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)
介詞 後不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food.
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關係代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代詞,如:anything,nothing,the one,all, much,few,any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very,(恰恰,正好),any,few, little,no, all 修飾時,只用that。
d) 先行詞由
序數詞 、
數詞 、形容詞最高級修飾時,只用that。
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
不能用Which的幾種情況
1.當
先行詞 為all,little, much,few, everything, none 等
不定代詞 時關係代詞用that而不用which。
There are few books that you can read in this book store.
2.當先行詞既有人又有物時,關係代詞用that,不用which。
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
3.當先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時,關係代詞用that, 而不用which。
Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
4.當先行詞有
序數詞 修飾時,關係代詞用that,不用which。
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
5.當先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時,關係代詞用that,不用which。
It is the only book that he bought himself.
6.當先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時,關係代詞用that,不用which。
There is no clothes that fit you here.
7.當主句是以which開頭的特殊問句時,
定語從句 關係代詞一般用that而不用which。
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
8.在
強調句 型" It is...that ..." 中,只用that,不用which。
It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
9.在" such (the same)...as ..." 句型中,關係代詞要用as, 而不用which。
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
10.表示" 正如... 那樣 "," 正像..." 之意時, 用as,不用which。
Mary was late again, as had been expected.
11.As 引導的
定語從句 可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句後面或主句中間,而由 which引導的定語從句只能放在主句後面。
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.
used to/be used to的分別
used to + do "過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
be used to + doing 對……已感到習慣,或"習慣於",to是介詞,後需加名詞或
動名詞 。
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現在習慣於散步)
used to 的用法
( 否定式簡寫為usedn't) 過去經常,以前常常
This used to be a shabby house. (此房年久失修)
used to,would這兩個詞語都可以表示過去常做某事,有時可以換用。 used to do 強調過去習慣性的行為或狀態,但是現在沒有這種行為或狀態了。因此,這個短語的內涵是今昔對比。
不可省略和可以省略
1.關係代詞which,whom,who,that在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
以下情況不能省略:
(1)在介詞+whom與介詞+which中,whom,which不能省略。
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
(2)在非限制性定語從句中,作
賓語 的關係代詞也不能省略。
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
(3)在the same...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作賓語,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同類用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一個)
(4)當由and,but,or等
連詞 連線兩個或兩個以上的
定語從句 修飾一個
先行詞 時,第一個關係代詞可省,但第二,第三個不可省略。
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 結構中出現定語從句,或在定語從句中出現there be 時,用作主語的關係代詞也可省略。
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
(1)當先行詞是reason,而且定語從句中作原因狀語時,關係代詞可用why,that,也可以省略。
That is the reason (why) I did it.
(2)當先行詞是way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時,關係代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略。
I don't know the way (in which/that) leads to the top of the mountains.
(3)當先行詞是time時,關係代詞可用when,that 或省略。
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意:關係代詞作賓語有時也不能省略。