內容簡介
本書的重要特點是以與現代集成微電子學相關的方式介紹半導體器件操作的基本原理,不涉及任何光學或者功率器件,重點強調集成微電子器件的頻率回響、布局、集合效應、寄生問題以及建模等。本書分為兩部分,合計11章。第一部分(第1章至第5章)介紹半導體物理的基本原理,包括電子和光子及聲子、平衡狀態下的載流子統計學、載流子產生與複合、載流子漂移和擴散、載流子運動以及PN結二極體,涵蓋能帶結構、電子統計、載流子產生與複合、漂移和擴散、多數載流子和少數載流子等相關知識。第二部分(第6章至第11章)分別講解
肖特基二極體與歐姆接觸、矽表面與金屬氧化物半導體結構、長金屬氧化物半導體場效應電晶體、短金屬氧化物半導體場效應電晶體以及雙極結電晶體,詳細探討各種器件的物理及操作原理。各章涵蓋了不理想性、二階效應以及其他與實際器件相關的重要因素。全書的內容架構有利於學生的理論知識學習與未來工作實踐的銜接過渡。
圖書目錄
1 Electrons, Photons, and Phonons 電子、光子和聲子
1.1 Selected Concepts of Quantum Mechanics 量子力學的基本概念
1.1.1 The dual nature of the photon 光子的二重性
1.1.2 The dual nature of the electron 電子的二重性
1.1.3 Electrons in confined environments 密閉環境中的電子特性
1.2 Selected Concepts of Statistical Mechanics 統計力學的基本概念
1.2.1 Thermal motion and thermal energy 熱運動和熱能
1.2.2 Thermal equilibrium 熱平衡
1.2.3 Electron statistics 電子統計特性
1.3 Selected Concepts of Solid-State Physics 固體物理的基本概念
1.3.1 Bonds and bands 化學鍵和能帶
1.3.2 Metals, insulators, and semiconductors 金屬、絕緣體和半導體
1.3.3 Density of states 態密度
1.3.4 Lattice vibrations: phonons 晶格振動:聲子
1.4 Summary 小結
1.5 Further reading 延展閱讀
Problems 習題
2 Carrier Statistics in Equilibrium 平衡狀態下的載流子統計特性
2.1 Conduction and Valence Bands; Bandgap; Holes 導帶和價帶,帶隙,空穴
2.2 Intrinsic Semiconductor 本徵半導體
2.3 Extrinsic Semiconductor
非本徵半導體2.3.1 Donors and acceptors 施主和受主
2.3.2 Charge neutrality 電中性特點
2.3.3 Equilibrium carrier concentration in a doped semiconductor 摻雜半導體中的平衡載流子濃度
2.4 Carrier Statistics in Equilibrium 平衡狀態下的載流子統計特性
2.4.1 Conduction and valence band density of states 導帶和價帶的態密度
2.4.2 Equilibrium electron concentration 平衡電子濃度
2.4.3 Equilibrium hole concentration 平衡空穴濃度
2.4.4 np product in equilibrium 平衡狀態下的np積
2.4.5 Location of Fermi level 費米能級的位置
2.5 Summary 小結
2.6 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT2.1 Temperature Dependence of the Bandgap 帶隙的溫度依存性
AT2.2 Selected Properties of the Fermi-Dirac Integral 費米–狄拉克積分的基本特性
AT2.3 Approximations for Strongly Degenerate Semiconductor 強
簡併半導體的數學近似
AT2.4 Statistics of Donor and Acceptor Ionization 施主和受主電離的數學統計
AT2.5 Carrier Freeze-Out 載流子束縛態
AT2.6 Heavy-Doping Effects 重摻雜效應
AT2.6.1 The Mott transition Mott轉移
AT2.6.2 Bandgap narrowing 帶隙變窄
Problems 習題
3 Carrier Generation and Recombination 載流子的產生與複合
3.1 Generation and Recombination Mechanisms 產生與複合機制
3.2 Thermal Equilibrium: Principle of Detailed Balance 熱平衡:
精細平衡原理3.3 Generation and Recombination Rates in Thermal Equilibrium 熱平衡下的產生率與複合率
3.3.1 Band-to-band optical generation and recombination 帶間光產生和光複合
3.3.2 Auger generation and recombination 俄歇產生與複合
3.3.3 Trap-assisted thermal generation and recombination 陷阱輔助的熱產生與複合
3.4 Generation and Recombination Rates Outside Equilibrium 非平衡條件下的產生與複合
3.4.1 Quasi-neutral low-level injection; recombination lifetime 準中性低濃度注入,複合壽命
3.4.2 Extraction; generation lifetime 提取和產生壽命
3.5 Dynamics of Excess Carriers in Uniform Situations 均勻條件下的過剩載流子動力學
3.5.1 Example 1: Turn-on transient 例1:開瞬態
3.5.2 Example 2: Turn-off transient 例2:關瞬態
3.5.3 Example 3: A pulse of light 例3:一個光脈衝
3.6 Surface Generation and Recombination 表面產生與複合
3.7 Summary 小結
3.8 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT3.1 Shockley–Read–Hall Model 肖克利–里德–霍爾模型
AT3.1.1 Recombination lifetime 複合壽命
AT3.1.2 Generation lifetime 產生壽命
AT3.2 High-Level Injection 高濃度注入
Problems 習題
4 Carrier Drift and Diffusion 載流子的漂移和擴散
4.1 Thermal Motion 熱運動
4.1.1 Thermal velocity 熱運動速率
4.1.2 Scattering 散射
4.2 Drift 漂移
4.2.1 Drift velocity 漂移速率
4.2.2 Velocity saturation 速率飽和
4.2.3 Drift current 漂移電流
4.2.4 Energy band diagram under electric field 電場作用下的能帶圖
4.3 Diffusion 擴散
4.3.2 The Einstein relation
愛因斯坦關係4.3.3 Diffusion current 擴散電流
4.4 Transit Time 渡越時間
4.5 Nonuniformly Doped Semiconductor in Thermal Equilibrium 熱平衡下的非均勻摻雜半導體
4.5.1 Gauss’law 高斯定律
4.5.2 The Boltzmann relations 玻爾茲曼關係
4.5.3 Equilibrium carrier concentration 平衡載流子濃度
4.6 Quasi-Fermi Levels and Quasi-Equilibrium
準費米能級與準平衡態
4.7 Summary 小結
4.8 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT4.1 Selected Properties of the Gamma Function 伽馬函式的基本性質
AT4.2 Hot Carrier Effects 熱載流子效應
AT4.2.1 Energy relaxation versus momentum relaxation 能量弛豫和動量弛豫
AT4.2.2 Hot-electron transport 熱電子輸運
AT4.2.3 Impact ionization 碰撞電離
Problems 習題
5 Carrier Flow 載流子運動
5.1 Continuity Equations 連續性方程
5.2 Surface Continuity Equations 表面連續性方程
5.2.1 Free surface 自由表面
5.2.2 Ohmic contact 歐姆接觸
5.3 Shockley Equations 肖克利公式
5.4 Simplifications of Shockley Equations to One-Dimensional Quasi-Neutral Situations 一維準中性條件下的肖克利公式簡化
5.5 Majority Carrier Situations 多數載流子
5.5.1 Example 1: Semiconductor bar under voltage 例1:電壓下的半導體棒
5.5.2 Example 2: Integrated resistor 例2:集成電阻
5.6 Minority Carrier Situations 少數載流子
5.6.1 Example 3: Diffusion and bulk recombination in a “long” bar 例3:“長”棒中的擴散和體複合
5.6.2 Example 4: Diffusion and surface recombination in a “short” bar 例4:“短”棒中的擴散和表面複合
5.6.3 Length scales of minority carrier situations 少數載流子的長度效應
5.7 Dynamics of Majority Carrier Situations 多數載流子的動力學特性
5.8 Dynamics of Minority Carrier Situations 少數載流子的動力學特性
5.8.1 Example 5: Transient in a bar with S=∞ 例5:S=∞時,半導體棒的瞬態特性
5.9 Transport in Space-Charge and High-Resistivity Regions 空間電荷和高阻區中的輸運
5.9.1 Example 6: Drift in a high-resistivity region under external electric field 例6:外電場作用下的高阻區漂移
5.9.2 Comparison between SCR and QNR transport 空間電荷區(SCR)與準中性區(QNR)輸運的比較
5.10 Carrier Multiplication and Avalanche Breakdown 載流子倍增和雪崩擊穿
5.10.1 Example 7: Carrier multiplication in a high-resistivity region with uniform electric field 例7:均勻電場作用下的高阻區載流子倍增
5.11 Summary 小結
5.12 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT5.1 Continuity Equations in Integral Form 積分形式的連續方程
AT5.2 Dielectric Relaxation 介電弛豫
AT5.3 Advanced Topics Regarding Minority Carrier Situations 少數載流子條件下的複雜難題
AT5.3.1 Advanced Example 1: Diffusion, drift, and recombination in a short bar with internal field 難題示例1:內電場作用下的短棒半導體中的載流子漂移、擴散和複合
AT5.3.2 More on length scales of minority carrier situations 少數載流子條件下的長度效應
AT5.3.3 Advanced Example 2: Transient in a bar with finite surface recombination 難題示例2:有限表面複合下的棒狀半導體瞬態特性
AT5.4 Carrier Multiplication and Avalanche Breakdown Under Nonuniform Electric Field 非均勻電場作用下的載流子倍增和雪崩擊穿
Problems 習題
6 PN Junction Diode pn結二極體
6.1 The Ideal PN Junction Diode 理想pn結二極體
6.2 Ideal PN Junction in Thermal Equilibrium 熱平衡下的理想pn結二極體
6.3 Current–Voltage Characteristics of the Ideal PN Diode 理想pn結二極體的電流–電壓特性
6.3.1 Electrostatics under bias 偏置電壓作用下的靜電學特性
6.3.2 I-V characteristics: qualitative discussion I-V 特性:定性討論
6.3.3 I-V characteristics: quantitative models I-V 特性:定量模型
6.4 Charge–Voltage Characteristics of Ideal PN Diode 理想pn結二極體的電荷–電壓特性
6.4.1 Depletion charge 耗盡電荷
6.4.2 Minority carrier charge 少數載流子電荷
6.5 Equivalent Circuit Models of the Ideal PN Diode 理想pn結二極體的等效電路模型
6.6 Nonideal and Second-Order Effects 非理想條件和二階效應
6.6.1 Short diode 短二極體
6.6.2 Space-charge generation and recombination 空間電荷的產生與複合
6.6.3 Series resistance 串聯電阻
6.6.4 Breakdown voltage 擊穿電壓
6.6.5 Nonuniform doping distributions 非均勻摻雜分布
6.6.6 High-injection effects 高注入效應
6.7 Integrated PN Diode 集成pn結二極體
6.7.1 Isolation 隔離層
6.7.2 Series resistance 串聯電阻
6.7.3 High–low junction 高低結
6.8 Summary 小結
6.9 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT6.1 Validity of the depletion approximation 耗盡近似的有效性
AT6.2 Quasi-neutral region resistance in ideal diode 理想二極體中的準中性區電阻
AT6.3 Equivalent circuit model for circuit design 電路設計中的等效電路模型
AT6.4 Switching characteristics of PN diode pn結二極體的開關特性
Problems 習題
7 Schottky Diode and Ohmic Contact
肖特基二極體和歐姆接觸
7.1 The Ideal Schottky Diode 理想肖特基二極體
7.2 Ideal Schottky Diode in Thermal Equilibrium 熱平衡下的理想肖特基二極體
7.2.1 A simpler system: a metal–metal junction 一個簡化系統:金屬–金屬結
7.2.2 Energy band lineup of metal–semiconductor junction 金屬–半導體結的能帶分布
7.2.3 Electrostatics of metal–semiconductor junction in equilibrium 平衡狀態下的金屬–半導體結靜電學特性
7.3 Current–Voltage Characteristics of Ideal Schottky Diode 理想肖特基二極體的電流–電壓特性
7.3.1 Electrostatics under bias 偏置電壓作用下的靜電學特性
7.3.2 I-V characteristics: qualitative discussion I-V 特性:定性討論
7.3.3 I-V characteristics: thermionic emission model I-V 特性:定量模型
7.4 Charge–Voltage Characteristics of Ideal Schottky Diode 理想肖特基二極體的電荷–電壓特性
7.5 Equivalent Circuit Models for the Ideal Schottky Diode 理想肖特基二極體的等效電路模型
7.6 Nonideal and Second-Order Effects 非理想條件和二階效應
7.6.1 Series resistance 串聯電阻
7.6.2 Breakdown voltage 擊穿電壓
7.7 Integrated Schottky Diode 集成肖特基二極體
7.8 Ohmic Contacts 歐姆接觸
7.8.1 Lateral ohmic contact: transmission-line model 側向歐姆接觸:傳輸線模型
7.8.2 Boundary conditions imposed by ohmic contacts 歐姆接觸下的邊界條件
7.9 Summary 小結
7.10 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT7.1 Nonideal Schottky barrier height of metal–semiconductor junctions 金屬–半導體結的非理想
肖特基勢壘高度
AT7.2 Drift-diffusion model for I-V characteristics I-V 特性的漂移–擴散模型
AT7.3 Equivalent circuit model of Schottky diode for circuit design 電路設計中的肖特基二極體等效電路模型
AT7.4 Switching characteristics of Schottky diode 肖特基二極體的開關特性
Problems 習題
8 The Si Surface and the Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Structure 矽表面和金屬-氧化物-半導體結構
8.1 The Semiconductor Surface 半導體表面
8.2 The Ideal Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Structure 理想的金屬–氧化物–半導體結構
8.3 The Ideal Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Structure at Zero Bias 零偏置下的理想金屬–氧化物–半導體結構
8.3.1 General relations for the electrostatics of the ideal MOS structure 理想MOS結構的一般靜電學特性
8.3.2 Electrostatic of the MOS structure under zero bias 零偏置下的MOS結構靜電學特性
8.4 The Ideal Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Structure Under Bias 偏置作用下的理想金屬–氧化物–半導體結構
8.4.1 Depletion 耗盡
8.4.2 Flatband 平帶
8.4.3 Accumulation 積累
8.4.4 Threshold 閾值
8.4.5 Inversion 反轉
8.4.6 Summary of charge–voltage characteristics 電荷–電壓特性的小結
8.5 Dynamics of the MOS Structure MOS結構的動力學特性
8.5.1 Quasi-static C-V characteristics 準靜態C-V 特性
8.5.2 High-frequency C-V characteristics 高頻C-V 特性
8.5.3 Deep depletion 深耗盡態
8.6 Weak Inversion and the Subthreshold Regime 弱反轉和亞閾值區
8.7 Three-Terminal MOS Structure 三連線埠MOS結構
8.8 Summary 小結
8.9 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT8.1 Surface states 表面態
AT8.2 Nonideal effects in MOS structure MOS結構中的非理想條件
AT8.2.1 Oxide charge 氧化物電荷
AT8.2.2 Interface states 界面態
AT8.3 Poisson–Boltzmann formulation of MOS electrostatics MOS靜電特性的泊松–
玻爾茲曼公式AT8.3.1 Approximations for depletion 耗盡近似
AT8.3.2 Approximations for accumulation 積累近似
AT8.3.3 Approximations for inversion 反轉近似
Problems 習題
9 The “ Long” Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor “長”金屬-氧化物-半導體
場效應電晶體9.1 The Ideal MOSFET 理想的金屬–氧化物–半導體場效應電晶體
9.2 Qualitative Operation of the Ideal MOSFET 理想MOSFET的定性運算
9.3 Inversion Layer Transport in the Ideal MOSFET 理想MOSFET反轉層的輸運特性
9.4 Current–Voltage Characteristics of the Ideal MOSFET 理想MOSFET的電流–電壓特性
9.4.1 The cut-off regime 截止模式
9.4.2 The linear regime 線性模式
9.4.3 The saturation regime 飽和模式
9.4.4 DC large-signal equivalent-circuit model of ideal MOSFET 直流大信號的等效電路模型
9.4.5 Energy band diagrams 能帶圖
9.5 Charge–Voltage Characteristics of the Ideal MOSFET 理想MOSFET的電荷–電壓特性
9.5.1 Depletion charge 耗盡電荷
9.5.2 Inversion charge 反轉電荷
9.6 Small-Signal Behavior of Ideal MOSFET 理想MOSFET的小信號特性
9.6.1 Small-signal equivalent circuit model of ideal MOSFET 小信號等效電路模型
9.6.2 Short-circuit current-gain cut-off frequency, fT, of idealMOSFET in saturation 飽和狀態下的短路“電流-增益”截止頻率fT
9.7 Nonideal Effects in MOSFET MOSFET中的非理想條件
9.7.1 Body effect 體效應
9.7.2 Effect of back bias 反向偏置效應
9.7.3 Channel-length modulation 溝道長度調製
9.7.4 The subthreshold regime 亞閾值模式
9.7.5 Source and drain resistance 源電阻和漏電阻
9.8 Summary 小結
9.9 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT9.1 A More Detailed Study of Inversion Layer Transport 反轉層輸運的更詳細研究
AT9.1.1 The sheet-charge approximation 薄層電荷近似
AT9.1.2 The gradual-channel approximation 漸進溝道近似
AT9.1.3 Validity of approximations 近似的有效性
Problems 習題
10 The “Short ” Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor “短”金屬-氧化物-半導體場效應電晶體
10.1 MOSFET Short-Channel Effects: Transport MOSFET短溝道效應:輸運
10.1.1 Mobility degradation 遷移率下降
10.1.2 Velocity saturation 速度飽和
10.2 MOSFET Short-Channel Effects: Electrostatics MOSFET短溝道效應:靜電學特性
10.2.1 Threshold voltage dependence on gate length: VT rolloff 閾值電壓與柵極長度的關係:VT滾降
10.2.2 Threshold voltage dependence on VDS: drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) 閾值電壓與VDS的關係:漏極致勢壘降低
10.2.3 Subthreshold swing dependence on gate length and VDS 亞閾值波動與柵極長度和VDS的關係
10.3 MOSFET Short-Channel Effects: Gate Stack Scaling MOSFET短溝道效應:柵堆疊縮尺效應
10.3.1 Gate capacitance 柵電容
10.3.2 Gate leakage current 柵漏電流
10.4 MOSFET High-Field Effects MOSFET高場效應
10.4.1 Electrostatics of velocity saturation region 速率飽和區的靜電學特性
10.4.2 Impact ionization and substrate current 碰撞電離和襯底電流
10.4.3 Output conductance 輸出電導
10.4.4 Gate-induced drain leakage 柵致漏極泄漏
10.5 MOSFET Scaling MOSFET縮尺理論
10.5.1 The MOSFET as a switch 用作開關的MOSFET
10.5.2 Constant field scaling of the ideal MOSFET 理想MOSFET的恆電場縮尺效應
10.5.3 Constant voltage scaling of the ideal MOSFET 理想MOSFET的恆電壓縮尺效應
10.5.4 Generalized scaling of short MOSFETs 短MOSFET的通用縮尺效應
10.5.5 MOSFET scaling: a historical perspective MOSFET縮尺理論:歷史回顧
10.5.6 Evolution of MOSFET design MOSFET設計的演化
10.6 Summary 小結
10.7 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT10.1 Electrostatics of Short MOSFET Around Threshold 閾值附近的短MOSFET的靜電學特性
AT10.2 Electrostatics of the Velocity Saturation Region 速率飽和區的靜電學特性
Problems 習題
11 The Bipolar Junction Transistor
雙極結型電晶體11.1 The Ideal BJT 理想的雙極結型電晶體(BJT)
11.2 Current–Voltage Characteristics of the Ideal BJT 理想BJT的電流–電壓特性
11.2.1 The forward-active regime 正向有源模式
11.2.2 The reverse regime 反向模式
11.2.3 The cut-off regime 截止模式
11.2.4 The saturation regime 飽和模式
11.2.5 Output I–V characteristics 輸出I-V特性
11.3 Charge–Voltage Characteristics of Ideal BJT 理想BJT的電荷–電壓特性
11.3.1 Depletion charge 耗盡電荷
11.3.2 Minority carrier charge 少數載流子電荷
11.4 Small-Signal Behavior of the Ideal BJT in Forward-Active Regime 正向有源模式下理想BJT的小信號特性
11.4.1 Small-signal equivalent circuit model 小信號等效電路模型
11.4.2 Common-emitter short-circuit current-gain cut-off frequency, fT 共發射極的短路“電流–增益”截止頻率fT
11.5 Nonideal Effects in BJT BJT中的非理想條件
11.5.1 Base-width modulation 基區寬度調製
11.5.2 Emitter-base space-charge region recombination 射極–基極的空間電荷區複合
11.5.3 Impact ionization 碰撞電離
11.5.4 Breakdown voltage 擊穿電壓
11.5.5 High collector current effects 高集電極電流效應
11.5.6 Parasitic resistance 寄生電阻
11.5.7 Nonuniform doping levels 非均勻摻雜水平
11.6 Evolution of BJT Design BJT設計的演化
11.7 Summary 小結
11.8 Further Reading 延展閱讀
AT11.1 Bipolar issues in MOSFETS MOSFET中的雙極問題
AT11.1.1 Latch-up 閂鎖效應
AT11.1.2 Floating-body effects in SOI MOSFETs SOI MOSFET中的浮體效應
AT11.1.3 MOSFET breakdown and snap-back MOSFET的擊穿和負阻
Problems 習題
A Table of Fundamental Physical Constants
基本物理常數B Table of Important Material Parameters of Si, GaAs, and SiO2 at 300 K Si,GaAs和SiO2在300 K時的重要材料參數
C Table of Acronyms 縮略語
D Table of Taylor Series Expansions 泰勒級數展開式
E Analytical Expressions for Important Material Parameters of Si at 300 K Si在300 K時的重要材料參數的解析表達式
F Solutions to Selected Problems 部分習題參考答案
Index 索引