基本介紹
地理分布,生存習性,形態特徵,棲息環境,生長發育,繁育狀況,生物分類,保護級別,
地理分布
廣泛分布於世界各溫帶到熱帶的海域,但絕大多數生活於印度-西太平洋區,尤其是珊瑚礁海域。
太平洋地區:其中有4屬19種蝴蝶魚分布於西太平洋;3屬6種分布於東太平洋;1屬2種分布於中東太平洋;1屬1種分布於中西太平洋;2屬2種分布於西北太平洋;2屬2種分布於西南太平洋;3屬3種分布於東南太平洋;4屬13種分布於其他太平洋地區。
印度洋地區:2屬4種分布於東印度洋;4屬21種分布於西印度洋;3屬7種分布於其他印度洋地區。
大西洋地區:3屬6種分布於西大西洋;2屬2種分布於東大西洋;1屬1種分布於中西大西洋;2屬2種分布於中東大西洋;2屬2種分布於東南大西洋;1屬1種分布於西南大西洋。
其他地區:5屬28種分布於印度-太平洋區;4屬6種分布於印度-西太平洋區。
生存習性
蝴蝶魚大部分都生活在20公尺以內的淺水水域,是很典型的日行性魚類,白天出來找東西吃、交配,晚上才躲在礁洞裡面休息。覓食時,或群游,或成對,或獨游。食性變異大,有的從礁岩表面啄食躲藏在縫隙里的小型無脊椎動物及藻類,有的在水層中撿食浮遊動物,有的只吃活珊瑚的水螅蟲等。行動迅速,稍受驚動即躲入珊瑚礁或岩石縫中。它們生活史中需要經過一段長時間的漂流期,而使得人工繁殖不易成功。
形態特徵
體呈菱形或近於橢圓形,且十分側扁。口小,端位,略可伸縮;頜齒細長,在上下頜形成刷毛狀之狹長齒帶。前鰓蓋骨平滑,但幼魚可能具有鋸齒或被有突棘。體被中或小型之弱櫛鱗或圓鱗。側線完整,呈弧形,但不明顯。幼魚的頭部,因長有骨質板,而被稱之“蝶魚仔魚”。背鰭連續,硬棘部和軟條部間有淺缺刻;腹鰭胸位,具腋鱗;尾鰭一般截形或圓形。
體色會隨成長而有所變化,而其中之共同點為:小魚在背鰭或身體後方通常長有一偽裝用的眼斑,隨著成長而消失,其目的是用來矇騙掠食者,使其誤把尾部當做頭部攻擊,而爭取逃走的機會;其次為大部份蝴蝶魚具一條黑色縱帶貫通眼睛,這也是欺敵的一種視覺效果。
註:蝴蝶魚科魚類(圖冊一)圖片來源。
棲息環境
生長發育
蝴蝶魚的仔魚頭部長了許多刺,是癒合成骨質板的頭盔,可保護自己。仔魚漂到礁區後就變態成為幼魚,幼魚游泳慢,抵抗力也較弱,所以有許多種蝴蝶魚幼魚在背鰭後端,靠近身體和尾巴連線的地方,有一個像眼精一樣的斑塊,叫「假眼」,而真正的眼睛反而以一條黑色色帶來掩飾。這是蝴蝶魚誘使敵人誤將尾部認作頭部的障眼法,等到長大後,多數種類的假眼就逐漸消失不見了,但黑眼帶卻是終身保持。
註:蝴蝶魚科魚類(圖冊二)圖片來源。
繁育狀況
蝴蝶魚在求偶和交配的時候,通常是一對一。先由體型較大的雄魚引誘雌魚離開海底,然後雄魚用頭及吻去碰觸雌魚的腹部,再一起游向海面,同時排精排卵,接著再竄回海底,卵在受精以後,大概一天半就可以孵化,但通常要經歷一兩個月的仔魚漂浮期,才會再度回到珊瑚礁區居住。
生物分類
屬名 | 種名 | 拉丁名 | 英文名 |
---|---|---|---|
雙蝶魚屬 | Amphichaetodon | ||
寬頻雙鰈魚 | Amphichaetodon howensis | Lord Howe Island butterflyfish | |
窄帶雙蝶魚 | Amphichaetodon melbae | Narrow-barred butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon | |||
Chaetodon adiergastos | Philippine butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon andamanensis | |||
Chaetodon argentatus | Asian butterflyfish | ||
點列蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon assarius | West Australian butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon aureofasciatus | Golden butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon auriga | Threadfin butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon auripes | Oriental butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon austriacus | Blacktail butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon baronessa | Eastern triangular butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon bennetti | Bluelashed butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon blackburnii | Brownburnie | ||
Chaetodon burgessi | Burgess' butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon capistratus | Foureye butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon citrinellus | Speckled butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon collare | Redtail butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon daedalma | Wrought iron butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon declivis | Marquesas butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon decussatus | Indian vagabond butterflyfish | ||
阿曼蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon dialeucos | Oman butterflyfish | |
黑緣蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon dolosus | African butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon ephippium | Saddle butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon falcula | Blackwedged butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon fasciatus | Diagonal butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon flavirostris | Black butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon flavocoronatus | Yellow-crowned butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon fremblii | Bluestriped butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon gardineri | Gardner's butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon guentheri | Crochet butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon guttatissimus | Peppered butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon hoefleri | Four-banded butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon humeralis | Threebanded butterflyfish | ||
點斑蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon interruptus | Yellow teardrop butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon kleinii | Sunburst butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon larvatus | Hooded butterflyfish | ||
白肋蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon leucopleura | Somali butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon lineolatus | Lined butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon litus | Easter Island butterflyfish] | ||
Chaetodon lunula | Raccoon butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon lunulatus | Oval butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon madagascariensis | Seychelles butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon marleyi | Doublesash butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon melannotus | Blackback butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon melapterus | Arabian butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon mertensii | Atoll butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon mesoleucos | White-face butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon meyeri | Scrawled butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon miliaris | Millet butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon mitratus | Indian butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon multicinctus | Pebbled butterflyfish | ||
黑斑蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon nigropunctatus | Black-spotted butterflyfish | |
日本蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon nippon | Japanese butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon ocellatus | Spotfin butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon ocellicaudus | Spot-tail butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon octofasciatus | Eightband butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon ornatissimus | Ornate butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon oxycephalus | Spot-nape butterflyfish | ||
稀帶蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon paucifasciatus | Eritrean butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon pelewensis | Sunset butterflyfish | ||
馬掌蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon pictus | Horseshoe butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon plebeius | Blueblotch butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon punctatofasciatus | Spotband butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon quadrimaculatus | Fourspot butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon rafflesii | Latticed butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon rainfordi | Rainford's butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon reticulatus | Mailed butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon robustus | Three-banded butterflyfish | ||
聖赫拿蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon sanctaehelenae | Saint Helena butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon sedentarius | Reef butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon selene | Yellow-dotted butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon semeion | Dotted butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon semilarvatus | Bluecheek butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon smithi | Smith's butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon speculum | Mirror butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon striatus | Banded butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon tinkeri | Hawaiian butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon triangulum | Triangle butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon trichrous | Tahiti butterflyfish | ||
波帶蝴蝶魚 | Chaetodon tricinctus | Three-striped butterflyfish | |
Chaetodon trifascialis | Chevron butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon trifasciatus | Melon butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon ulietensis | Pacific double-saddle butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon unimaculatus | Teardrop butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon vagabundus | Vagabond butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon wiebeli | Hongkong butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon xanthocephalus | Yellowhead butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon xanthurus | Pearlscale butterflyfish | ||
Chaetodon zanzibarensis | Zanzibar butterflyfish | ||
鑽嘴魚屬 | Chelmon | ||
Chelmon marginalis | Margined coralfish | ||
黑鰭鑽嘴魚 | Chelmon muelleri | Blackfin coralfish | |
鑽嘴魚 | Chelmon rostratus | Copperband butterflyfish | |
鑷蝶魚屬 | Chelmonops | ||
Chelmonops curiosus | Western talma | ||
Chelmonops truncatus | Truncate coralfish |
屬名 | 種名 | 拉丁名 | 英文名 |
---|---|---|---|
少女魚屬 | Coradion | ||
Coradion altivelis | Highfin coralfish | ||
Coradion chrysozonus | Goldengirdled coralfish | ||
雙點少女魚 | Coradion melanopus | Twospot coralfish | |
鑷口魚屬 | Forcipiger | ||
Forcipiger flavissimus | Yellow Longnose Butterflyfish | ||
Forcipiger longirostris | Big Longnose Butterflyfish | ||
霞蝶魚屬 | Hemitaurichthys | ||
Hemitaurichthys multispinosus | Many-spined butterflyfish | ||
Hemitaurichthys polylepis | Pyramid butterflyfish | ||
湯氏霞蝶魚 | Hemitaurichthys thompsoni | Thompson's butterflyfish | |
Hemitaurichthys zoster | Brown-and-white butterflyfish | ||
馬夫魚屬 | Heniochus | ||
Heniochus acuminatus | Pennant coralfish | ||
Heniochus chrysostomus | Threeband pennantfish | ||
Heniochus diphreutes | False moorish idol | ||
Heniochus intermedius | Red Sea bannerfish | ||
Heniochus monoceros | Masked bannerfish] | ||
Heniochus pleurotaenia | Phantom bannerfish | ||
Heniochus singularius | Singular bannerfish | ||
Heniochus varius | Horned bannerfish | ||
約翰蘭德蝴蝶魚屬 | Johnrandallia | ||
Johnrandallia nigrirostris | Blacknosed butterflyfish | ||
副蝴蝶魚屬 | Parachaetodon | ||
Parachaetodon ocellatus | Sixspine butterflyfish | ||
前頜蝴蝶魚屬 | Prognathodes | ||
Prognathodes aculeatus | Longsnout butterflyfish | ||
沙洲前頜蝴蝶魚 | Prognathodes aya | Bank butterflyfish | |
巴西前頷蝴蝶魚 | Prognathodes brasiliensis | ||
卡氏前頜蝴蝶魚 | Prognathodes carlhubbsi | ||
雙色前頜蝴蝶魚 | Prognathodes dichrous | Bicolor butterflyfish | |
Prognathodes guyanensis | French butterflyfish | ||
深水蝴蝶魚 | Prognathodes guyotensis | ||
鐮形前頜蝴蝶魚 | Prognathodes falcifer | Scythemarked butterflyfish | |
格氏前頜蝴蝶魚 | Prognathodes guezei | Gueze's butterflyfish | |
海棲前頜蝴蝶魚 | Prognathodes marcellae | ||
Prognathodes obliquus | Oblique butterflyfish | ||
前齒蝴蝶魚屬 | Roa | ||
澳大利亞蝴蝶魚 | Roa australis | Triple-banded butterflyfish | |
Roa excelsa | Hawaiian gold-barred butterflyfish | ||
印度蝴蝶魚 | Roa jayakari | Indian golden-barred butterflyfish | |
Roa modesta | Brown-banded butterflyfish |