《中立國和人民在陸戰中的權利和義務公約》（1907年10月18日海牙第五公約）（Hague Convention of 1907 V, The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land）既是傳統中立制度發展的高峰，也是其走向衰落的標誌：公約全面編纂了陸戰時中立國的權利義務，同時為體現兩次海牙和會“和平解決國際爭端”的精神，公約強調了中立國的“調停義務”，這使傳統中立的"不作為"義務開始受到削弱。
基本介紹
- 中文名：中立國和人民在陸戰中的權利和義務公約
- 外文名：Hague Convention of 1907 V, The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land
- 時間：1907
- 性質：法律條款
中文譯本,英文原本,
中文譯本
中立國和人民在陸戰中的權利和義務公約
（1907年10月18日海牙第五公約）
（1907年10月18日訂于海牙）
（締約各國元首稱呼略。）
為了更明確規定陸戰時中立國的權利和義務,並規定在中立國領土內避難的交戰者的地位；
同樣希望在可能全面解決中立國個人同交戰國的關係中的地位之前，明確“中立”一詞的涵義；
決定為此目的締結本公約並各自任命全權代表如下：（各全權代表名單略。）
上列全權代表提交全權證書認為妥善後，議定條款如下：
第一章 中立國的權利和義務
第一條
中立國的領土不得侵犯。
第二條
禁止交戰國的部隊和裝載軍火或供應品的運輸隊通過中立國領土。
第三條
禁止交戰國：
（一）在中立國領土上設立無線電台或與交戰國陸、海軍聯繫的任何通訊裝置；
（二）利用戰前交戰國在中立國領土上設立的純為軍事目的、並且還沒有公開為公眾通訊服務的任何此類設施。
第四條
不得在中立國領土內組織戰鬥部隊和開設徵兵事務所，以援助交戰國。
第五條
中立國不得允許在它的領土上發生上述第二條至第四條所指的任何行為。
中立國無須對違反中立的行為加以懲處，除非這種行為發生在該中立國的領土內。
第六條
中立國對某些個人獨自越境為交戰國一方效力的事實不負責任。
第七條
中立國沒有義務阻止為交戰國一方或另一方輸出或運輸武器、彈藥以及一般對軍隊或艦隊有用的任何物品。
第八條
中立國沒有義務禁止或限制交戰國使用屬於它或公司或私人所有的電報或電話電纜以及無線電報器材。
第九條
中立國對第七條和第八條所指內容所採取的一切限制或禁止措施應對交戰雙方公正不偏地予以適用。
中立國應監督擁有電報或電話電纜或無線電報器材的公司或個人遵守同樣的義務。
第十條
中立國即使用武力抵抗侵害其中立的企圖行為也不得被認為是敵對行為。
第二章 在中立國領土內拘留交戰者和治療傷者
第十一條
中立國在它的領土內收容的交戰國部隊，應儘可能將其拘留於遠離戰場的地方。
中立國可將該部隊看管在軍營中，甚至禁閉在堡壘內或為此目的而設的適當場所。
中立國可決定在宣誓保證不經批准不離開中立國領土的條件下，是否給予軍官們以行動自由。
第十二條
如無特別的專約，中立國應向被拘留者提供衣、食以及符合人道主義要求的救助。
因拘留而耗去的費用在締結和平時應予以償還。
第十三條
中立國應給其所收容的脫逃的戰俘以自由。中立國如允許他們留在其領土內,可以為他們指定居住的地點。
在中立國領土內避難的部隊所帶來的戰俘,適用於本規定。
第十四條
中立國可以準許屬於交戰國軍隊的傷病員過境,但以運載他們的火車不運輸軍事人員和軍火為條件。在此情況下，中立國須為此採取必要的安全和監督措施。
交戰國一方在上述條件下帶進中立國領土的敵對一方傷病員應由中立國予以看管，務使他們不得重新參加作戰行動。該中立國對委託給它的另一方的軍隊的傷病員也負有同樣的義務。
第十五條
日內瓦公約適用於拘留在中立國領土內的傷病員。
第三章 中立人民
第十六條
一個不參加戰爭的國家的國民應被視為中立人民。
第十七條
中立人民不得享有中立,如果：
（一）對交戰一方採取敵對行為；
（二）採取有利於交戰一方的行為，特別是如果他自願加入交戰一方武裝力量。
在這種情況下,交戰國對於中立人民由於背離其中立而給予的待遇，不得比對其他交戰國的國民由於同樣行為而給予的待遇更為苛刻。
第十八條
下列行為不構成第十七條第（二）款所指的有利於交戰一方的行為：
（一）向交戰一方提供物資或貸款，但供應者或貸款人既不居住於另一方領土，也不居住於另一方所占領的領土,且所供應的物資也不來自上述領土；
（二）在警察或民政方面提供服務。
第四章 鐵路材料
第十九條
交戰國對於來自中立國領土的鐵路材料、無論屬於這些國家，抑或屬於公司或私人所有，既經認明屬實後，除非在絕對必要的情況下和必要的範圍內，不得予以徵用或利用。這些材料應儘速送回原地。
中立國必要時得在同樣範圍內，扣留和使用來自交戰國領土的鐵路材料。
這一方或另一方均應依照所使用的材料和期限長短，按比例支付賠償。
第五章 最後條款
第二十條
本公約各條款應在締約各國之間，且只有在交戰各國都是本公約締約國時方能適用。
第二十一條
本公約應儘速批准。
批准書應交存於海牙。
首批批准書的交存應作成記錄，由各加入國代表和荷蘭外交大臣簽署。
此後批准書的交存則以書面通知的方式通知荷蘭政府，並附交批准檔案。
首批批准書交存記錄、前款提到的書面通知以及批准檔案的經核證無誤的副本，應由荷蘭政府通過外交途徑，立即送交被邀請出席第二屆和平會議的各國以及其他加入本公約的國家。對前款所述的情況，荷蘭政府應同時把收到通知的日期通知上述各國。
第二十二條
非簽署國可以加入本公約。
願加入的國家應將其意願書面通知荷蘭政府，同時向該國政府送交加入書，該加入書保存於荷蘭政府的檔案庫。
荷蘭政府應將通知和加入書的經核證無誤的副本，立即送交所有其他國家，並註明收到通知的日期。
第二十三條
本公約對參加首批交存批准書的國家，於此項交存作成正式記錄之日起六十天后生效，對此後批准或加入的國家，則於荷蘭政府收到批准或加入通知起六十天后開始生效。
第二十四條
如一締約國欲退出本公約，則須以書面通知荷蘭政府，由荷蘭政府立即將通知的經核證無誤的副本送交所有其他國家，並告以收到通知的日期。
退出只對發出退出通知的國家，並於通知送達荷蘭政府一年後生效。
第二十五條
由荷蘭外交部保管的登記簿，載明按照第二十一條第三款和第四款交存批准書的日期，以及收到加入通知（第二十二條第二款）或退出通知（第二十四條第一款）的日期。
每一締約國得查閱該登記簿，並可要求提供核證無誤的摘錄。
各全權代表在本公約上籤字，以昭信守。
1907年10月18日訂于海牙，正本一份，存於荷蘭政府檔案庫，經核證無誤的副本通過外交途徑送交所有被邀出席第二屆和平會議的國家。
（代表簽字從略。）
簽署國：阿根廷、奧匈帝國、比利時、玻利維亞、巴西、保加利亞、智利、哥倫比亞、古巴、丹麥、多米尼加共和國、厄瓜多、薩爾瓦多、法國、德國、英國、希臘、瓜地馬拉、海地、義大利、日本、盧森堡、墨西哥、門的內哥羅、荷蘭、挪威、巴拿馬、巴拉圭、波斯、秘魯、葡萄牙、羅馬尼亞、俄國、塞爾維亞、暹羅、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、美國、烏拉圭、委內瑞拉。
簽署日期：1907年10月18日。
批准或加入書交存日期（R）：奧匈帝國（1909.11.27）、比利時(1910.8.8)、玻利維亞(1909.11.27) 、巴西(1914.1.5)、中國(1910.1.15)、古巴(1912.2.22)、丹麥(1909.11.27)、薩爾瓦多(1909.11.27)、衣索比亞(1935.8.5) 、芬蘭(1922.4.10)、法國(1910.10.7)、德國(1909.11.27) 、瓜地馬拉（1911.3.15）、海地(1910. 2.2)、日本(1911.12.13)、賴比瑞亞 (1914.2.4 )、盧森堡（1912.9.5）、墨西哥(1909.11.27)、荷蘭（1909.11.27）、尼加拉瓜(1909.12.16 )、挪威(1910.9.19)、巴拿馬（1911.9.11 ）、波蘭(1925.5.9)、葡萄牙(1911.4.13)、羅馬尼亞（1912.3.1）、俄國(1909.11.27)、暹羅(1910.3.12 )、西班牙 (1913. 3.18)、瑞典(1909.11.27) 、瑞士(1910.5.12) 、美國（1909. 11.27）。
英文原本
CONVENTION RESPECTING THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NEUTRAL POWERS AND PERSONS IN CASE OF WAR ON LAND
With a view to laying down more clearly the rights and duties of neutral Powers in case of war on land and regulating the position of the belligerents who have taken refuge in neutral territory;
Being likewise desirous of defining the meaning of the term "neutral," pending the possibility of settling, in its entirety, the position of neutral individuals in their relations with the belligerents;
Have resolved to conclude a Convention to this effect, and have, in consequence, appointed the following as their Plenipotentiaries:
(List of Plenipotentiaries.)
Who, after having deposited their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following provisions:
CHAPTER I The Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers
Article 1.
The territory of neutral Powers is inviolable.
Article 2.
Belligerents are forbidden to move troops or convoys of either munitions of war or supplies across the territory of a neutral Power.
Article 3.
Belligerents are likewise forbidden to:
(a) Erect on the territory of a neutral Power a wireless telegraphy station or other apparatus for the purpose of communicating with belligerent forces on land or sea;
(b) Use any installation of this kind established by them before the war on the territory of a neutral Power for purely military purposes, and which has not been opened for the service of public messages.
Article 4.
Corps of combatants cannot be formed nor recruiting agencies opened on the territory of a neutral Power to assist the belligerents.
Article 5.
A neutral Power must not allow any of the acts referred to in Articles 2 to 4 to occur on its territory.
It is not called upon to punish acts in violation of its neutrality unless the said acts have been committed on its own territory.
Article 6.
The responsibility of a neutral Power is not engaged by the fact of persons crossing the frontier separately to offer their services to one of the belligerents.
Article 7.
A neutral Power is not called upon to prevent the export or transport, on behalf of one or other of the belligerents, of arms, munitions of war, or, in general, of anything which can be of use to an army or a fleet.
Article 8.
A neutral Power is not called upon to forbid or restrict the use on behalf of the belligerents of telegraph or telephone cables or of wireless telegraphy apparatus belonging to it or to companies or private individuals.
Article 9.
Every measure of restriction or prohibition taken by a neutral Power in regard to the matters referred to in Articles 7 and 8 must be impartially applied by it to both belligerents.
A neutral Power must see to the same obligation being observed by companies or private individuals owning telegraph or telephone cables or wireless telegraphy apparatus.
Article 10.
The fact of a neutral Power resisting, even by force, attempts to violate its neutrality cannot be regarded as a hostile act.
CHAPTER II Belligerents Interned and Wounded Tended in Neutral Territory
Article 11.
A neutral Power which receives on its territory troops belonging to the belligerent armies shall intern them, as far as possible, at a distance from the theatre of war.
It may keep them in camps and even confine them in fortresses or in places set apart for this purpose.
It shall decide whether officers can be left at liberty on giving their parole not to leave the neutral territory without permission.
Article 12.
In the absence of a special convention to the contrary, the neutral Power shall supply the interned with the food, clothing, and relief required by humanity.
At the conclusion of peace the expenses caused by the internment shall be made good.
Article 13.
A neutral Power which receives escaped prisoners of war shall leave them at liberty. If it allows them to remain in its territory it may assign them a place of residence.
The same rule applies to prisoners of war brought by troops taking refuge in the territory of a neutral Power.
Article 14.
A neutral Power may authorize the passage over its territory of the sick and wounded belonging to the belligerent armies, on condition that the trains bringing them shall carry neither personnel nor war material. In such a case, the neutral Power is bound to take whatever measures of safety and control are necessary for the purpose.
The sick or wounded brought under the these conditions into neutral territory by one of the belligerents, and belonging to the hostile party, must be guarded by the neutral Power so as to ensure their not taking part again in the military operations. The same duty shall devolve on the neutral State with regard to wounded or sick of the other army who may be committed to its care.
Article 15.
The Geneva Convention applies to sick and wounded interned in neutral territory.
CHAPTER III Neutral Persons
Article 16.
The nationals of a State which is not taking part in the war are considered as neutrals.
Article 17.
A neutral cannot avail himself of his neutrality
(a) If he commits hostile acts against a belligerent;
(b) If he commits acts in favor of a belligerent, particularly if he voluntarily enlists in the ranks of the armed force of one of the parties. In such a case, the neutral shall not be more severely treated by the belligerent as against whom he has abandoned his neutrality than a national of the other belligerent State could be for the same act.
Article 18.
The following acts shall not be considered as committed in favour of one belligerent in the sense of Article 17, letter (b):
(a) Supplies furnished or loans made to one of the belligerents, provided that the person who furnishes the supplies or who makes the loans lives neither in the territory of the other party nor in the territory occupied by him, and that the supplies do not come from these territories;
(b) Services rendered in matters of police or civil administration.
CHAPTER IV Railway Material
Article 19.
Railway material coming from the territory of neutral Powers, whether it be the property of the said Powers or of companies or private persons, and recognizable as such, shall not be requisitioned or utilized by a belligerent except where and to the extent that it is absolutely necessary. It shall be sent back as soon possible to the country of origin.
A neutral Power may likewise, in case of necessity, retain and utilize to an equal extent material coming from the territory of the belligerent Power.
Compensation shall be paid by one Party or the other in proportion to the material used, and to the period of usage.
CHAPTER V Final Provisions
Article 20.
The provisions of the present Convention do not apply except between Contracting Powers and then only if all the belligerents are Parties to the Convention.
Article 21.
The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible.
The ratifications shall be deposited at The Hague.
The first deposit of ratifications shall be recorded in a procès-verbal signed by the representatives of the Powers which take part therein and by the Netherlands Minister for Foreign Affairs.
The subsequent deposits of ratifications shall be made by means of a written notification, addressed to the Netherlands Government and accompanied by the instrument of ratification.
A duly certified copy of the procès-verbal relative to the first deposit of ratifications, of the notifications mentioned in the preceding paragraph, and of the instruments of ratification shall be immediately sent by the Netherlands Government, through the diplomatic channel, to the Powers invited to the Second Peace Conference as well as to the other Powers which have adhered to the Convention. In the cases contemplated in the preceding paragraph, the said Government shall at the same time inform them of the date on which it received the notification.
Article 22.
Non-Signatory Powers may adhere to the present Convention.
The Power which desires to adhere notifies its intention in writing to the Netherlands Government, forwarding to it the act of adhesion, which shall be deposited in the archives of the said Government.
This Government shall immediately forward to all the other Powers a duly certified copy of the notification as well as of the act of adhesion, mentioning the date on which it received the notification.
Article 23.
The present Convention shall come into force, in the case of the Powers which were a Party to the first deposit of ratifications, sixty days after the date of the proces-verbal of this deposit, and, in the case of the Powers which ratify subsequently or which adhere, sixty days after the notification of their ratification or of their adhesion has been received by the Netherlands Government.
Article 24.
In the event of one of the Contracting Powers wishing to denounce the present Convention, the denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Netherlands Government, which shall immediately communicate a duly certified copy of the notification to all the other Powers, informing them at the same time of the date on which it was received.
The denunciation shall only have effect in regard to the notifying Power, and one year after the notification has reached the Netherlands Government.
Article 25.
A register kept by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall give the date of the deposit of ratifications made in virtue of Article 21, paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the date on which the notifications of adhesion (Article 22, paragraph 2) or of denunciation (Article 24, paragraph 1) have been received.
Each Contracting Power is entitled to have access to this register and to be supplied with duly certified extracts from it.
In faith whereof the Plenipotentiaries have appended their signatures to the present Convention.
Done at The Hague, 18 October 1907, in a single copy, which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Netherlands Government and duly certified copies of which shall be sent, through the diplomatic channel, to the Powers which have been invited to the Second Peace Conference.
(Here follow signatures)
