基本介紹
- 中文名：行文邏輯
- 定義：指一段話或者一篇文章根據一定的特定的順序和構段方式使其有條理性、清晰性
- 說明順序：時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序
說明順序,時間順序,空間順序,邏輯順序,構段方式,英語練習,百度要求,
說明順序
寫好文章，首先要抓住說明對象的特徵，其次最重要的是運用合理的說明順序。所謂合理的說明順序，是指能充分表現事物或事理本身特徵的順序，也是符合人們認識事物、事物規律的順序。常見的說明順序有：時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序等。正確的順序能正確地理清文章思路，能幫助讀者理解，在說明文等敘述性較強的文體中，說明順序更是必不可少的。
時間順序
即按照事理髮展過程的先後來介紹某一事物的說明順序。凡是事物的發展變化都離不開時間，如說明生產技術、產品製作、技術方法、歷史發展、文字演變、人物成長、動植物生長等等，都應以時間為序。比如中學課本中有一篇《景泰藍的製作》，它就是按照景泰藍的製作過程中“做胎――掐絲――燒制――點藍――燒藍――打磨――鍍金”的時間順序來說明的。
空間順序
即按照事物空間存在的方式，或從外到內，或從上到下 ，或從整體到局部來加以介紹，這種說明順序有利於全面說明事物各方面的特徵。一般說明某一靜態實體（如建築物等），常用這種順序。如課本中的《核舟記》就是按照船體――船頭――船尾――船背的空間順序來寫的；《故宮博物館》按照先總後分的順序，先概括說明故宮建築物的總體特徵，然後再具體介紹太和門――太和殿――中和殿――保和殿――乾清宮……御花園，而在介紹每一座建築物的時候，則又按照先外後內、先上後下的順序。這樣安排合乎人們觀察事物的習慣，是最合理的順序。
邏輯順序
即按照事物、事理的內在邏輯關係，或由個別到一般，或由具體到抽象，或由主要到次要，或由現象到本質，或由原因到結果,遞進,或概括到具體,或特點到用途,或由整體到局部一一介紹說明。不管是實體的事物，如山川、江河、花草、樹木、器物等，還是抽象的事理，如思想、觀點、概念、原理、技術等，都適用於以邏輯順序來說明。如課本中的《死海不死》、《向沙漠進軍》，都是運用邏輯順序來說明事物的。凡是闡述事物、事理間的各種因果關係或其他邏輯關係，按邏輯順序寫作最為適宜。
構段方式
構段方式是指文章的段落組成之間的邏輯關係，構段是文章的基礎。構段要完整統一，一是段意要單一而不雜亂。人們把只包含一個意思的段落，叫作單義段。要提倡組織單義段，一段集中表達一個意思，不要把與本段段意無關的內容寫進同一段落里去。二是段意要完整而不殘缺。就是一個段落要把一個意思說完整，不要一個意思硬拆成兩段說。此外，還要注意段與段之間的聯繫與銜接。要用好關聯詞語，寫好過渡句、段，使文章承上啟下，前後照應，首尾圓台，渾然一體。
幾種常見的構段方式：
1．總分關係：先用一個概括性的句子總述全段的主要內容，再圍繞這句話從幾個不同方面加以分述。它包括：①先分後總 ②先總後分 ③總—分—總
2．並列關係：一段話中，圍繞一個意思，分別寫了幾個方面，句與句之間沒有主次之分，只是並列存在
3．因果關係：一般一段話中有兩層意思：一層寫原因，另一層寫結果，兩者構成因果關係，有的先因後果，有的先果後因。
4．承接關係：整個自然段按事情發展順序，有的按時間先後順序或方位順序組織材料的
5．轉折關係：段內層次的意思有肯定與否定之別，並有明顯的轉折詞“可是”或“但是”等分開。
英語練習
Passage 1
A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting enough protein—the body-building element in food. (41) . You are glad when the fast is over and you get your reward of a succulent meat meal.
Proteins are built up from approximately twenty food elements called “amino-acids,” (42) . This means you have to eat a great deal more vegetable than animal food in order to get enough of these amino-acids. A great deal of the vegetable food goes to waste in this process and from the physiological point of view there is not much to be said in favor of life-long vegetarianism.
The economic side of the question, though, must be considered. Vegetable food is much cheaper than animal food. (43) . In fairness, though, it must be pointed out that vegetarians claim they need far less than 70 grams of protein a day.
Whether or not vegetarianism should be advocated for adults, (44) . A lacto-vegetarian diet, which includes milk and milk products such as cheese, can, however, be satisfactory as long as enough milk and milk products are consumed. Meat and cheese are the best sources of usable animal protein and next come milk, fish and eggs.
(45) . When cooking vegetables, however, the vitamins, and in particular the water-soluble vitamin C, should not be lost through over-cooking.
[A] Most nutrition experts today would recommend a balanced diet containing elements of all foods, largely because of our need for sufficient vitamins. Vitamins were first called "accessory food factors" since it was discovered, in 1906, that most foods contain, besides carbohydrates, fats, minerals and water, these other substances necessary for health.
[B] Slow and careful cooking of meat makes it more digestible and assists in the breaking down of the protein content by the body.
[C] If you have ever been without meat or other animal foods for some days of weeks (say, for religious reasons) you will have noticed that you tend to get physically rather weak.
[D] The most common deficiencies in Western diets today are those of vitamins. The answer is variety in food. A well-balanced diet having sufficient amounts of milk, fruit, vegetables, eggs, and meat, fish or fowl (i.e. any good protein source) usually provides adequate minimum daily requirements of all the vitamins.
[E] However, since only a small proportion of the vegetable protein is useful for body-building purposes, a consistent vegetarian, if he is to gain the necessary 70 grams of protein a day, has to consume a greater bulk of food than his digestive organs can comfortably deal with.
[F] which are found more abundantly in animal protein than in vegetable protein.
[G] it is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable sources.
Passage 2
A massive pool of warm ocean water is causing changes in the atmosphere that could produce unusual weather around the world in the next few months, the US National Weather Service reported on Monday.
(41) . Currently the phenomenon is marked by a warm pool of water along the equator extending from the international date line nearly to the coast of South America. That water is nearly 4 degrees Fahrenheit above normal, explained Vernon Kousky of the climate center.
(42) . "El Nino is probably the most important climate event beyond the annual cycle of seasons," he added. (43) . The phenomenon occurs every three to five years, sometimes in a mild form and sometimes strongly affecting weather patterns worldwide. (44) . At the same time, conditions tend to be wetter than normal along the US Southeast Coast and the Gulf of Mexico. And the Atlantic and Caribbean hurricane season tends to be milder than usual.
(45) . Overall damage was estimated at between $ 2 billion and 8 billon by a United Nations analysis and the death toll topped 1,500 worldwide.
That doesn't mean that the disruption will be as great this time, however. A mild El Nino in 1986-1987 was barely noticed, for example.
[A] This warm water “'spreads almost a quarter of the way around the globe. So it's massive and it has an impact on our weather. It has a global influence...because it disturbs the atmosphere,” said Dave Rodnehuis, director of the climate center.
[B] The strong El Nino of 1982-1983 was blamed for worsening the devastating drought in Africa, causing a series of severe winter storms to come ashore in California, spawning the first typhoon to strike French Polynesia in 75 years—followed by five more in five months—deluging Peru and Ecuador with torrential rains and promoting the worst drought in two centuries in Australia.
[C] Details of its causes are not fully understood, but when it occurs, unusually warm air can be pumped into Canada, Alaska and the northern United States.
[D] As a result of this phenomenon, known as El Nino, more rainfall than normal is likely this winter across some areas of the United States, with unusually warm or cold weather in other parts of the country.
[E] Every once in a while the reasons for discouragement about the human prospect pile up so high that it becomes difficult to see the way ahead, and it is then a great blessing to have one conspicuous and undeniable good thing to think about ourselves, something solid enough to step onto and look beyond the pile.
[F] Because the changes tended to be first noticed around Christmas, the phenomenon was given the name El Nino, which is Spanish for child, a term often used to refer to the baby Jesus.
[G] Lying, then is stressful, even when we do it for protection, or relief, or escape, or profit, or just for the pure pleasure of lying and getting away with it. It is a strain, distressing enough to cause the emission of signals to and from the central nervous system warning that something has gone wrong. It is, in a pure physiological sense, an unnatural act.
百度要求
可以把一個百科詞條看作一篇文章，任何一篇文章都應該有合理的邏輯。只有滿足了這一點的詞條才是可讀的。
有邏輯的敘述
正文能按邏輯闡述詞條內容
百科詞條的內容安排應該符合認識事物的一般邏輯。
百科詞條中常用的敘述邏輯包括：從主要到次要，從整體到部分，從一般到特殊，從原因到結果，從概念到套用，時間順序，空間順序等。
如人物類詞條，一般應按從主要到次要的順序介紹其概述、生平事跡、主要成就、主要作品、家庭關係、軼聞等等，不宜先介紹軼聞，最後介紹生平事跡；科學概念類詞條，一般應按從概念到套用的順序介紹其概述、基本定義、主要原理/構成、研究歷史、套用場景等，不宜先介紹套用場景，最後介紹基本概念；集合類詞條，如唐宋八大家，一般應按從整體到部分的順序，首先介紹其概述、背景、文學地位等總述內容，而後分別簡介八大家，不應先介紹人物後介紹八大家的文學地位。
有的敘述邏輯常見於文學作品中，但不建議在百科詞條中使用。如，從次要到主要，從特殊到一般，從套用到概念等。
概述能概括詞條主要內容
對於達到一定長度（約一千字）以上的詞條，有必要添加名片。概述是名片的主要組成部分。
概述是詞條內容的簡介，用戶讀過了概述就應該了解了詞條的基本內容。
概述至少應該包含以下的內容：定義詞條的主題，概括詞條中最重要的地方（包括任何明顯的爭議），解釋為何詞條所介紹的東西是有趣的或值得注意的。
關於概述的更多內容，請參閱使用名片。
合理劃分內容層級
使用目錄劃分內容層級可以令百科詞條條理清晰，排版美觀，對詞條可讀性有很大的價值。層級劃分應遵循金字塔狀的層級結構，將詞條內容劃分為合理的幾個部分（一級目錄），每個部分又可繼續劃分為小部分（二級目錄）。
如帝王類詞條：
以下列出劃分內容層級時應該遵循的一些原則。
金字塔結構基本原則
金字塔結構應遵循以下的基本原則——各個組成部分彼此相互獨立不重疊，但是合在一起完全窮盡不遺漏。
如上述的帝王類詞條結構中的各個部分就符合這一基本原則。相反，如“曹操”詞條中，“個人作品”和“文學造詣”有相互重疊，不適契約時出現在一級目錄中，“文學造詣”應是“個人作品”一級目錄下的一個二級目錄。
同一級目錄應建立在一個維度上
同一級目錄的劃分應建立在同一個維度上，存在一定的並列關係。如面向同一個問題的不同側面，或列舉幾個同級別的組成部分等。
如“人物生平”“為政舉措”“人物評價”等一級目錄都是帝王的一個側面，而“為政舉措”一級目錄下的“政治”“軍事”“經濟”等二級目錄都是為政舉措的一個部分。不宜將不同維度的內容放在同一級目錄之下，如將“家世”“兄弟姐妹”“后妃”“子女”等內容都列為一級目錄就是不合適的。
同一級目錄符合敘述邏輯
各個一級目錄之間，每個一級目錄下的二級目錄之間，都應該符合敘述邏輯，如從主要到次要，從整體到部分，從一般到特殊，從原因到結果，從概念到套用，時間順序，空間順序等。
如“人物生平”一級目錄下的二級目錄按時間順序敘述，“人物評價”一級目錄下的二級目錄按從總體到部分的順序敘述。
內容詳細程度不超過三級
一般來說，百科詞條內容的詳細程度以不超過三級為宜。內容較少的詞條可僅使用一級目錄或不使用目錄，內容較多的詞條可使用二級目錄，每個二級目錄下可再展開幾個子主題（第三級）進行論述，每個子主題以幾十到幾百字為宜；但每個子主題不宜再拆分為幾個主題分別論述，也不宜有過長的篇幅。
例如，當撰寫“劉備”詞條時，“人物生平”一級目錄下“早年經歷”二級目錄的內容，大致包含“征討黃巾”“徐州自立”“依附劉表”“赤壁之戰”“征服巴蜀”等幾個子主題（第三級），每個子主題以幾十至幾百字進行簡介為宜；“家庭成員”一級目錄下“后妃”二級目錄的內容，包含甘夫人、糜夫人、孫夫人、穆皇后幾個子主題（第三級），每個子主題以幾十至幾百字進行簡介為宜，不宜用大篇幅介紹各位夫人的生平事跡等。
避免不合理的敘述邏輯
避免事無巨細
中文百科內容，應是對主題進行摘要性總結，而非無節制的追求細節。哪些內容應該寫進詞條，哪些不應該，可參閱完整的詞條結構。
例如，一個電視劇導演的詞條中不應該列出其每部作品的演員表、分集劇情等；一個演員的詞條中不應該列出他/她參加的每一期綜藝節目。
避免喧賓奪主
中文百科內容應主次分明，使讀者更清晰的了解一個主題，避免因主次不清對讀者造成誤導。
例如一首詩歌，其作者信息是輔助讀者理解詩歌本身的，若過多著筆於作者介紹，可能會誤導讀者去閱讀作者信息，而忽略了詩歌本身；一名藝人的詞條中不套用大篇幅記錄其某一次普通採訪的內容。
