基本介紹
- 中文名:終止性動詞
- 外文名:Terminative verbs
定義,用法特徵,誤區,轉換,
定義
英語中,動詞按其動作發生的方式、動作發生過程的長短,可分為延續性動詞和終止性動詞。
終止性動詞也稱非延續性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞,表示不能延續的動作,這種動作發生後立即結束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy,join,die,become等。
用法特徵
可用於現在完成時
終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成,因此可用於現在完成時。如:
The train has arrived.火車到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入電腦小組了嗎?
不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用
終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續。因此,不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如:
(1)他死了三年。
誤:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
正:He died three years ago.
正:It is three years since he died.
正:Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他來這兒五天了。
誤:He has came here for five days.
正:He has been here for five days.
正:He came here five days ago.
正:It is five days since he came here.
正:Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞,不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那么,應如何正確表達呢?可以採用下面的四種方法:
(1)將句中終止性動詞轉換為相應的延續性動詞,如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達方式。下面列舉幾例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語,如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段時間+since..."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達方式。
(4)用句型"時間+has passed+since..."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達方式。
可與表示否定的一段時間的狀語連用
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
否定式與until/till連用
終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用,構成"not+終止性動詞+until/till ..."的句型,意為"直到……才……"。如:
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能離開這裡。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫,我才上床睡覺。
不可以用於while引導的時間狀語從句中
終止性動詞可以用於when引導的時間狀語從句中,但不可以用於while引導的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞),也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程,從句謂語動詞用延續性動詞。如:
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動詞)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續性動詞短語)
不可與how long連用
終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限於肯定式)。如:
誤:How long have you come here?
正:How long have you been here?
正:When did you come here?
誤區
瞬間動詞的誤區
進行時中leave, come 等終結性動詞,沒有進行時的形式。
例如come這一個詞,不與表達段的時間狀語連用。
比如我們不說: He has come for days. 而要說: He came days ago. 或: It’s days since he came. 常說的 He is coming. /He is leaving./ He is dying 等,
並不是表示動作“正在進行”, 而是表示“動作即將發生”。
所以,有些語法家認為:瞬間動詞的進行時,是將來時的表達法之一。
轉換
當終止性性動詞與一段時間連用是,要轉換為相應的延續性動詞
leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have,
begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in,
finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of,
open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up,
catch a cold→have a cold. close→be closed