新聞工作者職業道德是新聞工作者在長期的新聞實踐活動中形成的調整人們相互關係的新聞規範和準則，是社會道德對新聞記者這一職業所提出的特殊要求。
基本介紹
- 中文名：新聞工作者職業道德
- 外文名：Professional ethics of Journalists
- 性質：私有
- 職能：無
道德簡介,主要內容,倫理規範,原則聲明,道德準則,道德規範,職業倫理,原則聲明,
道德簡介
從事新聞報導、宣傳工作人員所應遵循的基本道德規範，知識分子職業道德之一。新聞記者的職業守則，最初在20世紀20年代初期開始系統編纂。各國的新聞職業守則在形式和範圍各有不同。
主要內容
(1)熱愛黨、熱愛社會主義祖國，堅持四項基本原則，堅持新聞的黨性與人民性的統一；(2)堅持新聞的真實性，忠於事實，不搞虛假報導，以人民利益為準繩，宣傳黨的政策，反映民眾的心聲，克服新聞報導中的主觀主義傾向；(3)熱情謳歌正義與光明，無情揭露邪惡和黑暗，主持公道，堅持正義，不畏懼任何壓力，時刻同民眾保持密切的聯繫；(4)嚴格要求自己，廉潔奉公，不利用工作之便謀私利，不拿版面做交易，吃苦耐勞，深入基層，有良好的新聞意識，遵守新聞紀律；(5)熱情為廣大讀者服務，提供有益身心健康的稿件，甘當無名英雄，同行之間，相互尊重，相互學習；(6)認真學習馬克思主義基本理論和黨的路線方針政策，樹立共產主義理想、信念，掌握豐富的科學文化知識，加強職業修養，勇於獻身新聞事業。
許多年來，國外新聞工作者有很多種書面的職業規範。他們將追求的目標和理想融化在其中。他們嚴格遵循這些職業道德規範，保護了新聞職業的崇高性，加強了人民的信任和尊敬。這裡就是其中一些典型的規範和聲明，值得每一個中國新聞工作者學習和參考。
倫理規範
職業新聞記者協會（SPJ）職業倫理規範（英文版附後）
1996年9月制定
緒言
職業新聞記者協會成員相信，公眾的啟蒙是正義的先驅，民主的基石。新聞記者的職責就是通過追求真實，提供關於事件和問題的全面公平的敘述，達到啟蒙公眾的目的。來自所有專門領域和媒體的有責任感的記者，都努力徹底和忠實地為公眾服務。職業正直感是記者信譽的基礎，協會成員因此對於職業道德行為產生共同認識，並採用本規範作為協會實踐原則和標準的聲明。
追求真實並加以報導
新聞記者應該忠實、公正和勇敢地蒐集報導和轉述信息。
新聞記者應該：
●檢驗來自所有來源的信息的準確性，小心避免無意的錯誤。絕不允許故意扭曲。
●努力找到報導的主體，給他們對於聲稱的錯誤行為做出反應的機會。
●任何可能的時候， 都要指明訊息來源。公眾應該有儘可能多的信息來判斷訊息來源的可靠性。
●在承諾保證信息來源匿名之前， 永遠要質問一下信息來源的動機。要對為換取信息而作出的承諾中各種可能的情況都做出清楚的說明，一旦承諾， 則保守諾言。
●確保標題、導讀和其他突出處理的材料、照片、音像、圖表、聲音和印語都沒有誤表達。
●避免在轉述和連續性的報導中誤導。如果有必要轉述別的媒體一條新聞， 可以這樣做， 但要標識清楚。
●除非傳統的公開的方法不能得到對公眾至關重要的信息， 不要採用秘密的或竊聽式的方法獲取信息。如果使用了這樣的方法， 在報導中應該加以說明。
●永遠不要剽竊。
●勇敢地講述關於人類經驗多樣性和廣泛性的報導，儘管這些經驗可能是不經常有的。
●檢查自己的文化價值觀念，並避免將這些價值觀念強加給別人。
●觀察人時不要被民族、性別、年齡、宗教、種族、地理、性取向、是否殘障、外貌或社會地位這些因素框住。
●支持公開的意見交流，即使這些意見自己很反感。
●讓無聲的人們發出聲音；官方信息和非官方的信息被以同樣價值對待。
●在鼓吹文章和新聞報導之間做出明確區分。分析性文章和評論應被明確標出，以免與事實和報導文本相混。
●對廣告和新聞做區分，避免出現模糊二者界限的雜交式文章。
●認識到自己的特殊使命，要確保公眾事務是公開處理的，而且政府記錄可以公開查閱。
減小傷害
有職業操守的記者把新聞來源、採訪對象和同事都看作值得尊敬的人。
新聞記者應該：
●對那些可能因為新聞報導而受到負面影響的人們表示同情。當面對孩子和沒有經驗的新聞來源或新聞主體時， 要特別小心。
●當採訪和使用受到正在悲傷中的人們的照片時， 要特別小心。
●要認識到採集和報導信息會引起傷害和不適，報導新聞並不意味著你就可以傲慢自大。
●要認識到， 一般人比公共官員和追求權力、影響和希望引起人們注意的其他人，有更多的權利保有關於自己的信息。只有當有十分迫切的公共需要時，侵入任何人的私人領域獲取信息才是正當的。
●品位要高。避免迎合任何低級趣味。
●在指出青少年犯罪嫌疑人或性犯罪受害人時，才要非常謹慎。
●在正式控訴檔案出來之前指明犯罪嫌疑人時， 要非常審慎。
●在公眾被告知的權利和犯罪嫌疑人被公正審判的權利之間尋求平衡。
獨立行動
除了公眾的知情權之外， 新聞記者不應該對任何其他利益負有責任。
新聞記者應該：
●避免自己的利益與採訪發生衝突，不管是現實的利益還是可能的利益。
●不參加任何可能傷害自己公正和信譽的組織和活動。
●如果將傷害記者的正直感， 拒絕一切禮物、好處、費用、免費旅遊和特殊對待，並避免第二職業、政治涉入、在公共辦公機構或社區機構工作。
●如果這些衝突必不可免，那么將它們暴露出來。
●勇敢地要求那些擁有權力的負起責任。
●拒絕廣告商的優厚待遇和特殊利益，抵制他們企圖影響新聞報導的壓力。
●警惕新聞來源為了好處或金錢而提供信息，避免力求新聞出現的心理。
可信
新聞記者在他們讀者、聽眾、觀眾的眼中是可信的。
新聞記者應該：
●澄清和解釋新聞報導，就新聞界的行為邀請公眾對話。
●鼓勵公眾說出他們對新聞媒體的不滿。
●承認錯誤， 並迅速糾正。
●揭露新聞記者和新聞媒體的不道德行為。
●遵守他們對於別人提出的高要求。
原則聲明
（英文版附後）
本檔案自1922年開始作為《新聞記者規範》被採用，1975年被修改，並重新命名為《原則聲明》。
l 緒言
第一修正案保護言論自由不被任何法律剝奪，保證了人們通過媒體表達言論的憲法權利，並因此賦予報紙工作者一項特別的使命。所以新聞工作對其從業者，除了行業和知識的要求外，還要針對新聞工作者的特殊使命對其追求正直品質的情況有所要求。為此目的，美國報紙編輯協會制定本原則聲明，作為職業表現和工作道德的最高標準。
l 第一條
責任。蒐集和傳播新聞與意見的最初目的是服務大眾利益，將情況通知他們，使他們能對當時的情況作出判斷。為個人私利或不值得的目的濫用自己專業工作者的力量的報人，將辜負公眾的信任。美國新聞媒體是自由的，這不僅是為了告知大眾，或作為一個爭辯的論壇，也是為了能對社會中的力量，包括政府各級官員的行為，進行獨立的檢查。
l 第二條
新聞自由。新聞自由屬於人民。必須保護新聞自由不受來自任何公共或私人集團的侵蝕與破壞。新聞記者必須時時警惕，關注公共事務是否在公開場合下討論解決。他們必須同任何利用新聞媒體為自己謀私利的企圖進行勇敢的鬥爭。
l 第三條
獨立性。新聞記者必須避免任何表面或實質上的不適當、表面或實質上的利益衝突。他們既不應該收受任何東西，也不應該參加任何看起來有可能傷害他們正直性的活動。
l 第四條
真實與準確。來自讀者的良好信任是優秀新聞的基礎。應該不惜一切努力保證新聞的準確、沒有偏見、平衡表達各方意見。社論、分析文章和評論，在準確性上應該與報導中的事實做同樣的要求。嚴重的事實錯誤，和疏忽產生的錯誤，都應該做最快的和突出的更正。
l 第五條
公正。公正並不意味著新聞媒體不應該進行質問，或者不應該發社論表示意見。但是，它卻要求媒體在新聞報導和媒體意見之間為讀者劃出一個清晰的界線。其中有觀點和個人意見的文章應被明確標識出來。
l 第六條
正義性。新聞記者應該尊重被報導的人們的權利，遵守普通的正派的標準，對其報導的準確性和正義性向公眾負責。被公開指控的人應該在最早的時間得到做出反應的機會。保證為新聞來源保密是要花很大代價的，因此不應輕易承諾。除非有十分清楚和急切的要求為新聞來源保密，他們應該被明確指出來。
這些準則是為了保持、保護和加強聯結美國新聞工作者和美國人民的信任和尊敬，這種聯結對確保這個國家的創始人委託給美國新聞工作者和美國人民的言論自由事關重大。
道德準則
l 我相信我的退休對於本報的基本準則不會帶來影響，本報仍將永遠為發展和改革而奮鬥。
l 從不利稅於任何黨派，永遠反對特權階級和公共利益的竊取者；
l 從不對窮苦人缺乏同情心，永遠忠實於公眾利益；從不滿足於已經發表的新聞，永遠最大程度獨立；
l 從不畏懼攻擊錯誤言行，不管這些錯誤言行是來自劫掠性的財閥們還是來自於劫掠性的貧窮者。
《馬里恩（印第安納）星報》編輯部信條
沃倫G.哈定
u 記住，每個問題都有兩個方面，要將這兩個方面都反映出來。
u 要可信。
u 要挖掘事實。錯誤必不可免，但是要努力做到準確。我寧願有一篇非常準確的報導，而不願有一百篇有一半錯誤的報導。
u 要正派、公正、寬容。
u 要支持人——而不是打擊他們。每個人身上都有好的一面，將這好的一面引發出來，永遠不要無謂地傷害別人的感情。
u 報導政治聚會時，要蒐集事實，並如實地報導，而不要按你自己希望的那樣去報導。
u 對所有黨派一視同仁。如果有什麼黨派需要評論，我們會在社論欄目進行評論。
u 對待所有宗教事務都要尊敬。
u 如有可能，永遠不要忽視一個無辜的婦女或孩子對自己親屬的錯誤或不幸的傾訴。不要等被要求才去這樣做，而要主動去做。
u 而且， 最重要的，要乾淨。永遠不要讓一個髒詞或未被確證的報導付印。
u 我希望這張報紙能這樣做，這樣它才能走入千家萬戶，而不傷害任何一個孩子的天真無邪。
道德規範
協會（Associations）
American Society of Newspaper Editors
National Press Photographers Association
Radio-Television News Directors Association
Society of American Business Editors and Writers
Society of Professional Journalists
新聞機構（News organizations）
The Associated Press
Dow Jones
Gannett Co.
Hearst Newspapers
E.W. Scripps Co.
Knight Ridder
美國各州（Regional）
Arizona
The Arizona Republic, Phoenix
California
Los Angeles Times
San Francisco Chronicle
San Jose Mercury News
Connecticut
The News-Times, Danbury
Delaware
The News Journal, Newcastle
District of Columbia
The Washington Post
Florida
Orlando Sentinel
The Tampa Tribune
Illinois
Chicago Tribune
The News-Gazette, Champaign
Indiana
The Herald-Times, Bloomington
The Journal Gazette, Fort Wayne
Iowa
The Gazette, Cedar Rapids
Missouri
The Kansas City Star
Nebraska
Lincoln Journal Star
New Jersey
The Record, Hackensack
Asbury Park Press, Neptune
New York
The New York Times Code of Ethics and Integrity Statement
The Journal News, White Plains
Oregon
Statesman Journal, Salem
Pennsylvania
The Tribune-Democrat, Johnstown
The Philadelphia Inquirer
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
York Daily Record
Texas
The Dallas Morning News
Houston Chronicle
San Antonio Express-News
Utah
Deseret News, Salt Lake City
Virginia
Daily Press, Newport News
The Virginian Pilot, Norfolk
Richmond Times-Dispatch
The Roanoke Times
Washington
The Seattle Times
Wisconsin
Wisconsin State Journal, Madison
職業倫理
SPJ Code of Ethics
Preamble
Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness and honesty. Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalist’s credibility. Members of the Society share a dedication to ethical behavior and adopt this code to declare the Society’s principles and standards of practice.
Seek Truth and Report It
Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information.
Journalists should:
Test the accuracy of information from all sources and exercise care to avoid inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is never permissible.
Diligently seek out subjects of news stories to give them the opportunity to respond to allegations of wrongdoing.
Identify sources whenever feasible. The public is entitled to as much information as possible on sources’ reliability.
Always question sources’ motives before promising anonymity. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information. Keep promises.
Make certain that headlines, news teases and promotional material, photos, video, audio, graphics, sound bites and quotations do not misrepresent. They should not oversimplify or highlight incidents out of context.
Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations.
Avoid misleading re-enactments or staged news events. If re-enactment is necessary to tell a story, label it.
Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the public. Use of such methods should be explained as part of the story
Never plagiarize.
Tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly, even when it is unpopular to do so.
Examine their own cultural values and avoid imposing those values on others.
Avoid stereotyping by race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance or social status.
Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information can be equally valid.
Distinguish between advocacy and news reporting. Analysis and commentary should be labeled and not misrepresent fact or context.
Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between the two.
Recognize a special obligation to ensure that the public’s business is conducted in the open and that government records are open to inspection.
Minimize Harm
Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.
Journalists should:
Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects.
Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.
Recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort. Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance.
Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s privacy.
Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity.
Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.
Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges.
Balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s right to be informed.
Act Independently
Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the public’s right to know.
Journalists should:
Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived.
Remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity or damage credibility.
Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity.
Disclose unavoidable conflicts.
Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable.
Deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence news coverage.
Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding for news.
Be Accountable
Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and each other.
Journalists should:
Clarify and explain news coverage and invite dialogue with the public over journalistic conduct.
Encourage the public to voice grievances against the news media.
Admit mistakes and correct them promptly.
Expose unethical practices of journalists and the news media.
Abide by the same high standards to which they hold others.
原則聲明
ASNE Statement of Principles
ASNE’s Statement of Principles was originally adopted in 1922 as the "Canons of Journalism." The document was revised and renamed "Statement of Principles" in 1975.
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PREAMBLE. The First Amendment, protecting freedom of expression from abridgment by any law, guarantees to the people through their press a constitutional right, and thereby places on newspaper people a particular responsibility. Thus journalism demands of its practitioners not only industry and knowledge but also the pursuit of a standard of integrity proportionate to the journalist’s singular obligation. To this end the American Society of Newspaper Editors sets forth this Statement of Principles as a standard encouraging the highest ethical and professional performance.
ARTICLE I - Responsibility. The primary purpose of gathering and distributing news and opinion is to serve the general welfare by informing the people and enabling them to make judgments on the issues of the time. Newspapermen and women who abuse the power of their professional role for selfish motives or unworthy purposes are faithless to that public trust. The American press was made free not just to inform or just to serve as a forum for debate but also to bring an independent scrutiny to bear on the forces of power in the society, including the conduct of official power at all levels of government.
ARTICLE II - Freedom of the Press. Freedom of the press belongs to the people. It must be defended against encroachment or assault from any quarter, public or private. Journalists must be constantly alert to see that the public’s business is conducted in public. They must be vigilant against all who would exploit the press for selfish purposes.
ARTICLE III - Independence. Journalists must avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety as well as any conflict of interest or the appearance of conflict. They should neither accept anything nor pursue any activity that might compromise or seem to compromise their integrity.
ARTICLE IV - Truth and Accuracy. Good faith with the reader is the foundation of good journalism. Every effort must be made to assure that the news content is accurate, free from bias and in context, and that all sides are presented fairly. Editorials, analytical articles and commentary should be held to the same standards of accuracy with respect to facts as news reports. Significant errors of fact, as well as errors of omission, should be corrected promptly and prominently.
ARTICLE V - Impartiality. To be impartial does not require the press to be unquestioning or to refrain from editorial expression. Sound practice, however, demands a clear distinction for the reader between news reports and opinion. Articles that contain opinion or personal interpretation should be clearly identified.
ARTICLE VI - Fair Play. Journalists should respect the rights of people involved in the news, observe the common standards of decency and stand accountable to the public for the fairness and accuracy of their news reports. Persons publicly accused should be given the earliest opportunity to respond. Pledges of confidentiality to news sources must be honored at all costs, and therefore should not be given lightly. Unless there is clear and pressing need to maintain confidences, sources of information should be identified.
These principles are intended to preserve, protect and strengthen the bond of trust and respect between American journalists and the American people, a bond that is essential to sustain the grant of freedom entrusted to both by the nation’s founders.
