拉丁國際語

拉丁國際語(Latino sine Flexione/Interlingua)是一個人造語言，於1903年由義大利數學家朱塞佩·皮亞諾所發明，是一種簡化的拉丁語。拉丁國際語是對拉丁語的一種簡化。

拉丁國際語又被稱為新拉丁語，它的單詞來自於英語、法語、義大利語和西班牙語/葡萄牙語。這些語言和拉丁語相同的單詞很多。比如：abbreviation, abdication, abduction, abjuration, abolition, abomination, aborigines, absolute, absorption, abstention, abstraction, acacia，這些單詞在這幾種語言裡一樣或近似，所以拉丁國際語裡也一樣。

基本介紹

• 中文名：拉丁國際語
• 外文名：(Latino sine Flexione/Interlingua)
• 屬性：人造語言
• 時間：1903年

拉丁語是現代西方各個語言的鼻祖，其辭彙大量成為國際詞根。用它做國際輔助語最好，但是它的語法太難。動詞性、數、格加起來有十二種變化，名詞有有更多……

拉丁國際語也是一種人造語言，接近於義大利語、西班牙語。它以羅曼語族諸語言為基礎，採用拉丁語詞根，將繁瑣的語法簡化，語音、語法和辭彙都不難，尤其對於具有拉丁語傳統的歐洲人來說更是如此。會任何一門西方語言的人學習拉丁國際語，辭彙語法都不是問題。

據說它被推薦作為歐洲統一後的交際語言，其前景較為看好。

字母

與英語相同，採用26個字母：a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z.

拼寫和發音

拉丁國際語的書寫採用了傳統的二十六個拉丁字母表里的字母，不帶任何用以標註區別或重音的特殊符號。一些專有名詞或尚未同化的外語單詞可能會保留帶特殊符號的字母以及原本的發音。

通常，其發音是大陸風格的，即近似於西歐語言。然而，發音卻會在不同類型之間流動，且可能會受到相鄰部位發音以及本地說話者習慣的影響。說話主要是為了理解，而不是為了過分注重口齒精準。元音的發音通常比較純且往往與羅曼語發音一致（儘管法語中u的發音並不是它本身代表的那樣）。對於英語母語者來說，必須注意不要把弱元音發得含糊不清。

以下這些字母的發音與正規英語一樣：b,d,f,k,l,m,n,p,ph,qu,v,w,z。

c在e、i、y前邊是發ts的音；其他情況則發成k（ch也同樣）。

g的發音如同其在good中所發。

h的發音如同在英語中所發（或對於有些人來說不發出h的音），在r和t後邊不發音則是個例外。

j的發音如同法語裡je中的j所發

r的發音會根據當地說話者的習慣而變化，一些英語方言說話者必須注意不要再元音之後省略r的發音。

s的發音如同英語中所發

t的發音如同英語，但在i前邊則發成ts的音，如ti不發ti而發tsi。

x和英語一樣。

y在元音之前時發音為弱元音，其他時候發i。

元音字母在雙元音中保留他們獨立的音值，i和u的後邊弱有元音時發成弱元音則屬於例外情況。雙輔音的發音按一個輔音的方法發音。

重音一般落在最後一個輔音前的原因上 (除外的是：變成複數後，重音的位置不會因增加了複數詞尾而發生改變)。以-le,-ne, and-re結尾的形容詞，如果結尾前面的是個元音，則重音落在倒數第二個音節上。如果單詞以-ic, -ica, -ico, -ida, -ide, -ido, -ima, -ime, -imo, -ula, -ule, -ulo, -uple,和-ulo為後綴，則重音落在後綴前的那個音節上。 Variations from stress rules are marked in dictionaries. (See also the section on verbs, below.)

重音規則性不用過於誇張或過分在意.。理解性才是主要關切。重音不是隨機的，但是在拉丁國際語中，單詞無論發不發重音，意思都是一樣的，例如kilometro或kilometro, 只要根據說話者的習慣來發就可以了。.

在句子內部，正式名稱字母要大寫。標點符號和他們的意思通常和在英語中額一樣，但他們的衍生詞除外。不過它們不需要完全遵從口語句子的絕對規則，且意思是明確的。

Collateral Orthography並行正字法

有一個被允許的並行正字法，該正字法被一些用戶使用（儘管只是偶然使用）：

1. 雙寫輔音字母代表一個單獨的輔音發音的情況，將雙寫字母替換為單寫，ss除外，它仍然保留雙寫形式來保留其發音。(cc在e, i, y之前時不代表一個單獨的輔音發音k，而是發成ks。)
   
2. 元音y替換為i
   
3. ph替換為f
   
4. ch發k音僅在e和i前保留，其他情況可被替換為c.
   
5. 不發音的h的情況，如rh可替換為r，th替換為t.
   
6. J可替換g和gi，當其發音和azure中的z一樣時.
   
7. 後綴-age(且-age不是後綴而是個尾音組時)可被替換為-aje.。後綴-isar可替換為-izar(andzappears in its derivatives).
   
8. 末尾的e若出現在t後且這個t之前的字母是個元音字母時可以省略掉，不過，重音在t之前的元音上時的情況除外。e在n,l, 和r後時遵照同樣的規則。 （現在時和命令式的動詞不遵照以上條例.)
   

用詞

Articles冠詞

Le是定冠詞（英語的the），且不發生任何變位.。它不根據性數發生改變，就和英語的the用法一樣，當修飾正式名詞時不應遺漏掉定冠詞(除非是通訊地址)。

Un是不定冠詞（英語的a或an），並且也不發生變位。 它與數字un（英語的one）一致. (當作為數字用時，un有時會在特定辭彙中以複數形式unes出現，如le unes le alteres,（英語的one another, each other, etc.'.)

前置詞a或de與其後的定冠詞le融合成al或del的形式。

le和un均可做代詞使用， 在一些例子中也可以複數化變成les和unes的形式(其後經常有'some')。

作代詞用時，冠詞可以有陽性和陰性的差別 (此處指生理陰陽性，不是語法陰陽性） 如le/la和uno/una兩種形式, 這些都有其複數形式。定冠詞還有箇中性代詞形式lo，其尤其出現在lo que這種表達中。意思為： 'that which, what'. (在這個結構中它還有個極少用的形式los.)

Nouns名詞

名詞可以通過其在句子中的作用或意思來識別，而不是通過具體的一套結尾。名詞沒有語法陰陽性，儘管一些名詞在自然屬性上有陰陽的差別。（如果一個名詞以o結尾則和很具體地表明了其雄性身份，結尾為a的則表明其雌性身份，反之亦然。）名詞沒有格的形式。

複數形式則是在元音後加s和在輔音後加es。（為了保證發音不變，最後的c在複數的標誌es之前會變成ch。）沒有被同化的外語單詞將保留其原來的外國複數形式。複數的形式不影響重音。

名詞的功能基本和英語一樣。然而需要注意的是，在英語中，名詞用作形容詞或當作定語用在另一個名詞前的這種普遍的情況，在拉丁國際語中是不存在的。（不過，正式名詞用作形容詞時仍然維持不修改的狀態且放在其要修飾的名詞之前如'Roentgen rays',radios Röntgen; 'Geiger counter(s),contator(es) Geiger)。

Adjectives形容詞

儘管名詞通常以e，c，l，n或r結尾，但這不代表結尾字母是它們就可以確鑿地表明一個單詞是形容詞，僅能通過其在句子中的功用才能確認。

形容詞沒有轉調的情況，也不會同其修飾的名詞保持一致。形容詞既可以在名詞前也可以在名詞後。用在名詞後的情況更頻繁。"Adjectives preceding a noun tend to suggest that what they express is an essential feature of the noun concept and not merely a feature distinguishing the present representative of the noun concept from others." [p. 13, §33]然而，簡短的形容詞如bon,parve,alte, etc., 會出現在名詞前邊作為節律之用或個人偏好。

副詞plus和minus（用作比較級），以及冠詞le（用作最高級）組成比較級和最高級。（參考下方的一些不規則的可互相替換的比較。）一個所謂的絕對最高級（very,most等）可以以加後綴-issime的形式表達。

在意思允許的情況下，形容詞可以被用作名詞或代詞,這樣的話，它們可以被複數化或添加冠詞。

Alternative Comparisons比較級和最高級

POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
parve	plus parve, minor	le plus parve, le minor, minime
small	smaller/lesser	smallest/least
magne	plus magne, major	le plus magne, le major, maxime
great	greater	greatest
bon(adj)	plus bon, melior	le plus bon, le melior, optime
ben(adv)	plus ben, melio	le plus ben, le melio, optimo
good/well	better	best
mal(adj)	plus mal, pejor	le plus mal, le pejor, pessime
mal(adv)	plus mal, pejo	le plus mal, le pejo, pessimo
bad(ly)	worse	worst

Adverbs副詞

副詞有原生和派生兩種，並且還有副詞性短語。原生副詞詞典條目且不需要任何語法標籤，而派生於形容詞的副詞則由附加到整個形容詞後的-mente這個後綴組成(末尾是c的話則是-amente)。副詞的功用和英語的在很大程度上是一樣的。

一些似乎從形容詞非常不規則地派生過來的副詞(如bon/ben)可以被看作為原生副詞，因為其不充當狀語，然而，規則的派生也是有可能的(如bonmente=ben)。

規則的副詞比較級語形容詞的是一樣的。形容詞比較級結尾為-issime的可以組成對應的以-issimo結尾的副詞。

副詞通常在它修飾的詞語之前。當一個副詞或一個副詞性短語修飾一個從句或一個整句時，將出現在最前或最後的位置，或者被逗號分開。當一個副詞（尤其是non）和一個非主體代詞都在一個動詞之前時，這個代詞要更接近這個動詞。這個副詞non放在它修飾的動詞之前。

Adverbs (except those indicating a certain determined time) usually precede the words they modify. (Longer adverbs may follow, for emphasis or style.) When an adverb or adverbial phrase modifies a clause or sentence as a whole, it appears in initial or final position or is set off by commas. When an adverb (especiallynon) and a non-subject pronoun both precede a verb, the pronoun is closer to the verb. The adverbnonprecedes the verb it modifies.

An和esque是疑問詞，且在英語中沒有對應的成分，它可以將一個簡單的陳述句轉變為疑問句。在一個單獨文本中不應該同時使用它們兩個。

Pronouns代詞

Personal pronoun table:人稱代詞表：

	主語	賓語	自復動詞	物主代詞（形）	物主代詞（名）
我	io	me		mi	mie
你	tu	te		tu	tue
他	ille	le	se	su	sue
她	illa	la	se
它	illo,il	lo	se
我們	nos	nos		nostre	nostre
你們	vos	vos		vostre	vostre
他們	illes	les	se	lor	lore
她們	illas	las	se	lor	lore
它們	illos	los	se	lor	lore,on,uno

[注釋：第二人稱單數代詞tu的用法和它的形式變化。一些用戶僅將其用作不帶熟悉內涵的單數形式，而另一些用戶則特別將其用作為熟悉的形式，且同時將vos及其變形用過單數和複數。]

[NOTE:usage of the second person singular pronountuand its forms varies. Some users employ it merely as a singular form without connotation of familiarity, and some users employ it particularly as a familiar form, extendingvosand its forms to both singular and plural.]

cuje: "whose誰的"
qui: "who, whom誰" 僅用於人稱且僅用作主語或在前置詞後邊
que: (primarily) 關係代詞
qual: 關係形容詞(可以被le代詞化且從而被複數化為：le qualandle quales)
(關係代詞在拉丁國際語中不省略，就和英語中有時這么做一樣.)
il: 一個不加重音的第三人稱單數中立形式，用於語法性主語 (有時乾脆省略)
ella: 一個和illa並行的的形式

在複數中，illes並不是必須指明一個陽性身份的複數（也可能陽性和陰性共同的複數）。
物主代詞經常和le一起用：Illo eslemie. = It is mine.

自復動詞結構主要用於“動詞的接收者（賓語）與動詞的給出者（主語）是同一個”的情況下。當沒有主語時，被動語態通常也可以用自復動詞結構來表達。

Second-case personal and reflexive pronouns (except in prepositional constructions) precede the simple tense forms of the verb but follow the participles, imperative forms, and the infinitive.
[Interlingua Grammarp. 25, §§67-69]

“在兩次代詞的組合中，一個人稱和另一個自復，後者在前。”

"In a combination of two pronouns, one personal and the other reflexive, the latter precedes."

指示詞就是可以用作代詞的形容詞。

Iste,this, is the demonstrative of proximity.Ille,that, is the demonstrative of remoteness.

Verbs動詞

Conjugation動詞變位

model:	-ar	-er	-ir
INFINITIVE不定式	crear	vider	audir
PRESENT PARTICIPLE現在分詞	creante	vidente	audiente
PAST PARTICIPLE過去分詞	create	vidite	audite
IMPERATIVE命令式	crea!	vide!	audi!
PRESENT現在時	crea	vide	audi
PAST過去時	creava	videva	audiva
PRESENT PERFECT現在完成時	ha create	ha vidite	ha audite
PAST PERFECT過去完成時	habeva create	habeva vidite	habeva audite
FUTURE將來時	creara	videra	audira
FUTURE PERFECT將來完成時	habera create	habera vidite	habera audite
CONDITIONAL條件式	crearea	viderea	audirea
CONDITIONAL PERFECT條件式完成時	haberea create	haberea vidite	haberea audite

在將來時中，重音落在結尾部分的a上（creara）；在條件式中，重音落在結尾部分的e上（crearea）。一些用戶也使用“助動詞va+動詞不定式”的形式來表達將來時，就像英語那樣，如：va crear=creara。

被動語態是由“對應時態下的esser+過去分詞”組成。當沒有主語身份的時候，自復動詞結構也可以用來表達被動語態。

There is no verbal auxiliary corresponding to Englishto doin interrogative, negative, and emphatic constructions, and there are no crystallized progressive forms.

The infinitive can be used to express general orders, prohibitions, etc.

以下的替換格式也是允許的：

es=esse(singular/plural) [is/are是]
son=esse(plural) [are是]
era=esseva [was/were曾經是]
sia=esse(optional irregular subjunctive or imperative) [if be如果是]
ha=habe [have/has有]
va=vade [go/goes去]

Apart from (the only occasionally used irregular)sia, there is no distinct subjunctive. Subjunctive or third-person imperative is often expressed by the indicative followingque.

The infinitive [Inf.] serves as a verbal noun in place of the English gerund.

Prepositions before Infinitives在不定式之前的前置詞

a+ Inf.	Inf. seems to represent a goal or aim either after an adjective or a verbal construction; Inf., usually with an expressed or understoodesser, is actually passive in meaning; after nouns or adjectives relating to quantity; with transitive verbs and their direct objects
pro+ Inf.	in order (to); purpose
<nothing> + Inf.	when Inf. serves as a noun; Inf. depending on a transitive verb; afteril+ verb + noun/adjective where the Inf. can replaceilwith same meaning
<nothing> + Inf.	after constructions withvoler,poter,deber,soler,lassar,vader,facer, as well asvider,audir, and other verbs of sense perception when they have an object which is at the same time the subject of the following infinitive; afterqueandqual
de+ Inf.	neutral preposition; what the subject can do itself (adjectival construction); not as direct object of verb
Subj. (accus.) + Inf.	<make subordinate clause withque>
'of ...ing'	de+ Inf.

如果一個不定式可以被解釋為一個名詞或取得了名詞的性質，則不需要使用前置詞。例如，在"It is difficult to walk in the sand," 中，不定式等同於邏輯主語且起到了對主語的增強作用： "To walk in the sand is difficult," 所以沒有前置詞：Il es difficile vader in le arenaorVader in le arena es difficile.。

如果一個及物動詞後邊跟隨著一個獨立的不定式，如在"I plan to go to the countryside" (Io plana vader al campania)中，這個主意差不多可以順利地被一個名詞表達("I plan a trip to the countryside")，所以，再一次，不需要前置詞。於是，前置詞不作為及物動詞後的獨立不定式的開頭。

(Interlingua Grammar§87, p. 31)

[NOTE:Because the source languages for Interlingua are not entirely consistent among themselves on the use of prepositions before infinitives, use or non-use of the prepositionsdeandabefore infinitives varies somewhat in practice among speakers and writers, as long as the intended sense is clear.]

Double-Stem Verbs雙乾動詞

Forms derived from certain verbs come from a second or double stem, often based on the Latin supine stem.

In Interlingua the irregular second stem of verbs has nothing to do with matters of conjugation. It is a stem which occurs in certain derived nouns and adjectives and prevents these from assuming unnaturally distorted forms .... Furthermore, the "regular" type ... need not be considered "wrong" but may be used whenever it seems stylistically possible or preferable.
In active word bulding it will be found that the irregular second stem occasions few difficulties but often simplifies the process of derivation.
[Interlingua Grammarpage 85, Appendix 1]

Calendar日曆/時間名詞

Sunday	dominica	January	januario
Monday	lunedi	February	februario
Tuesday	martedi	March	martio
Wednesday	mercuridi	April	april
Thursday	jovedi	May	maio
Friday	venerdi	June	junio
Saturday	sabbato	July	julio
		August	augusto
		September	septembre
		October	octobre
		November	novembre
		December	decembre

[NOTE:For avoidance of any contemporary religious connotations for name days, one occasionally encounters the non-standard, unofficial formssoldiandsaturdiforSundayandSaturday, respectively.]

Numbers數詞

0 zero		[ordinals:]
1 un	10 dece	1me prime
2 duo	20 vinti/viginti	2nde secunde
3 tres	30 trenta	3tie tertie
4 quatro	40 quaranta	4te quarte
5 cinque	50 cinquanta	5te quinte
6 sex	60 sexanta	6te sexte
7 septe	70 septanta	7me septime
8 octo	80 octanta	8ve octave
9 nove	90 novanta	9ne none
		10me decime
		20me
	100 cento	100me
	1.000 mille	last: ultime

For other numbers, <ordinal> = <cardinal> +-esime
adverbial numerals: ordinal -e > -o or use-mente

half=medie/medietate
dozen=dozena
Other collective numerals are formed on the pattern of the suffix-ena(s)attached to the simple cardinal numbers.

cento	100
mille	1.000
million	1.000.000
milliardo	1.000.000.000
billion	1.000.000.000.000
billiardo	1.000.000.000.000.000
trillion	1.000.000.000.000.000.000
trilliardo	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quatrillion	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quatrilliardo	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quintillion	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
quintilliardo	1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000

Comma for decimal point.
-illion/-illiardo de <cosas>

simple	simple/simplice
double	duple/duplice
triple	triple/triplice
quadruple	quadruple
quintuple	quintuple
sixfold	sextuple
sevenfold	septuple
eightfold	octuple
ninefold	nonuple
tenfold	decuple
100fold	centuple

Grammatical Words語法詞

a	to; at; (bottilia a lacte= bottle for milk)
ab	(prep) since, from
alias	otherwise, in another manner; alias; at another time
alibi	elsewhere
ali(c)-	any-, some-
alicubi	somewhere; anywhere
alicun [sometimesalcun]	some, any; a few; alicun cosa: something, anything
alicuno [sometimesalcuno]	someone, somebody; anyone, anybody
aliquando	sometime; at any time
aliquanto	somewhat, to some degree
alique	(pron) something, anything; (adv) somewhat
alora	then; in that case, consequently
alto	top; in alto: up; upwards; upstairs; on top
ambe	(adj) both; ambes: (pron) both
an	(interr part) --; an il habe le libro?: does he have the book?; (conj) whether
ancora	(adv) still, yet; (interj) encore
anque	also, too; anque io: me too; non solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
ante	(prep) before, in front of; earlier than; above; (adv) before, ahead; earlier; forward; ante que: before
ante-heri	day before yesterday
a pena	hardly, scarcely
apud	near, with, at, by
assatis	(adv) enough; rather, fairly, quite
assi	thus, so; assi ... como: as ... as
avante	before, in front, ahead; forward
basso	bottom; a basso: down, downward; in basso: down, below, downward; downstairs
bastante	(adj) enough, sufficient; (adv) enough, sufficiently
ben que	although
bis	twice; encore
cata	(adj) each; cata uno: each (one)
causa	cause; a causa de: because of
certo	certainly
circa	around, about; approximately
como	how; as, like; como si: as though, as if
comocunque	however, in whatever way
con	with, together with; by means of
concernente	concerning
contra	(prep) opposite, facing; against; (adv) opposite, facing; on the contrary
cuje	whose
-cunque	-ever
de	from, since; of, belonging to; made of; with, by means of; de (+inf): to; (bottilia de lacte= bottle [quantity] of milk)
deman	tomorrow; deman matino: tomorrow morning; deman vespere: tomorrow night
depost	(adv) afterwards, later; (prep) after, since; depost que: since, from the time that
desde	(prep) since, from
dum	while, as long as; until; provided that, if only
dunque	therefore
durante	during; durante que: while, whilst
e	and; e ... e: both ... and
ecce	lo!, see!, behold!; here is, here are
ergo	therefore, accordingly, consequently, then, ergo
esque	(interr part) esque ille ha le libro?: does he have the book?
et cetera, etc.	and so forth, and so on, et cetera, etc.
etiam	also, likewise, too; even, even yet, yet; non solmente ... sed etiam: not only ... but also
ex	out of, from
excepte	except, excepting
extra	(adv) without, on the outside; besides, in addition, extra; (prep) outside of, without, beyond; except, excepting; besides, in addition to
foras	(adv) out of doors, outside, out; from without; (prep) beyond, except; foras de: outside of, without; foras de se: beside oneself
forsan	perhaps, maybe
gratis	gratis, free of charge
haber	to have; il ha: there is, there are
heri	yesterday
hic	here; de hic a (un hora): (an hour) from now; usque (a) hic: up to here, thus far; up to now, hitherto; hic juncte: herewith
hodie	today
ibi	there
ibidem	in the same place; ibidem; ibid.; ib.
idem	the same (thing); idem; id.
igitur	(adv/conj) then, therefore, thereupon
il	(impers pron) it; il ha/habeva: there is(are)/was(were)
illa	she, her
illac	there
ille	he, it; him; that, the former
illes	they; them
illo	it
in	in, into
infra	(adv) below, underneath, beneath; (prep) below, under, beneath
insimul	together
inter	between, among
interim	meanwhile, in the meantime
intertanto	meanwhile, in the meantime
intra	(adv/prep) within
intro	inwardly, internally, on the inside, in
io	I
ipse	myself, yourself, himself, etc.; hodie ipse: this very day
iste	this, the latter
ita	thus, so; just so, yes; and so, consequently; accordingly
jam	already, at once, right away; just now, a moment ago; indeed, surely; non ... jam: no longer
jammais	ever, at any time; non ... jammais: never; jammais!: never!
justo	just, exactly; justo nunc, justo ora: just now, right now
juxta	(adv) near, near by; (prep) near, near to, next to
la	her
le	(art) the
le	(pron) him
les	them
lo	it; lo que: that which, what
loco	place; in loco de: instead of; in su loco: instead
longe	far; away, far away; de longe: from afar, from a distance
lontan	distant, far-off
lor	their
lore	their
ma	but; no solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
malgrado	in spite of
maniera	manner, way; de maniera que: so that
me	me
melio	(adv) better; tanto melio: so much the better
melior	(adj) better; le melior: the best
mesme	same; myself, yourself, himself, etc. (as in "the king himself")
mesmo	likewise; even; hodie memso: this very day; ora mesmo: right now
mi	my
mie	mine
minus	less; minus; a minus que: unless; al minus: at least; totos minus ille: all but him; le minus: the least
multo	very; much
nam	for
nemo	no one, nobody
ni	neither, no, also not
nihil, nil	nothing
nimie	(adj) too much, too many
nimis	(adv) too, too much
no	(adv) no
non	not; no; si non: if not; except; unless it be
nondum	not yet
nonne	(interr part) is it not?; il es ver, nonne?: it is true, isn't it?
nonobstante	(prep) despite, in spite of; (adv) nevertheless
nos	us, we
nostre	our, ours
nulle	(adj) not any, no; null, worthless, without legal force
nullemente	in no way, not at all
nunc	now
nunquam	never
nusquam	nowhere
o	or; o ... o: either ... or
olim	once, formerly; at a future time, sometime (in the future)
omne	(adj) all; each, every; de omne mano: from every hand; de omne latere: from every side; in omne caso: in any case; omne cosa: everything; omnes: (pron) all
on	one
ora	now
parte	part; a parte: apart, aside; in parte: in part; del parte de: on the part of; de parte a parte: through and through; in nulle parte: nowhere
passato	ago
pauc	(adj) little, not much; few; un pauc (de): a little; pauc a pauc: little by little; in pauc: shortly, before long
pauco	(adv) little
per	through; during, throughout; by, through, by means of; per
perque	(adv/conj) why; because
plus	more; plus; le plus: the most; de plus: furthermore, besides; de plus in plus: more and more; in plus: furthermore, in addition, also; al plus: at best; plus o minus: more or less; non ... plus: no more; no longer
pois	(adv) afterwards, thereafter; (conj) for; pois que: since, as, because
post	(adv) behind, back, backwards; afterwards, after; (prep) behind; after; post que: since, because
postea	afterwards, thereafter
postquam	(conj) after; as soon as
potius	rather, sooner
presso	(adv/prep) near, close; a presso de: at the home of; in care of; with, among
presto	presto, quickly, quick as a wink
preter	(adv) past, beyond; (prep) past, along, alongside of; beyond; except, excepting; in addition to
pridem	long ago
pro	for, in favor of; in exchange for, in place of; pro (+inf): (in order) to
proque	(adv/conj) why; because
qual	which; what; le qual: which; that; who
qualcunque	any, whatever
quando	(adv/conj) when
quandocunque	whenever
quante	(adj) how much, how many
quanto	(adv) as much as; as far as; quanto ... tanto: the ... the; quanto a: as for
quare	wherefore, why
quasi	almost, nearly; in a certain sense, in a way; quasi que: as if
que	(interr pron) what; (rel pron) who, whom, which, that
que	(conj) 1. that; 2. than
qui	who, whom; de qui: whose
quia	because, for
quicunque	whoever, whomever, whosoever
quo	(adv) whither, where; wherefore; (conj) so that, in order that
re	about, concerning
retro	back, backwards; ago; a retro: backwards
salvo	save, but, but for; salvo que: save that, but that
satis	enough; rather, somewhat; esser satis: to be enough; haber satis: to have enough; satis de (tempore, etc.): enough (time, etc.)
se	(refl pron) himself; herself; itself; themselves
secundo	(prep) (following) after; along, by; according to; secundo que: according as
sed	but
semper	always
si	(adv) thus, so; yes; si ... como: as ... as
si	(conj) if; whether; si non: if not; except, unless it be
sia	be, may be, let there be; sia ... sia: be (it) ... or be (it); whether ... or; qual que sia: whatever, whatsoever
sin	(prep) without
sol	(adj) sole, alone, only; viver sol: to live alone; sentir se sol: to feel lonesome, lonely
solo	(adv) only, merely; non solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
su	his, her, its
sub	(prep) under, below, beneath
subinde	immediately after, just after, forthwith; repeatedly, frequently, often, from time to time
subito	suddenly, unexpectedly
subtus	(adv) below, beneath, underneath
sue	his, hers, its
super	(prep) on, upon; on top of; over, above; about, concerning, on; (adv) above, on top; super toto: above all
supra	(prep) above, over; (adv) on the top, above
sur	on, upon; on top of
tal	such, such a; tal e tal: such and such
talmente	(adv) so; un libro talmente belle: so beautiful a book, such a beautiful book
tamen	yet, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding
tante	(adj) so much, so many; tante per cento: so much per hundred, percentage; tante ... como: as much, as many ... as
tanto	(adv) so, so much; tanto ... como: as much ... as; in tanto que: inasmuch as; tanto plus ... que: all the more ... that; quanto ... tanto: the ... the
tarde	(adv) late; plus tarde: later; later on; al plus tarde: at the latest
te	you, thee; yourself, thyself
tosto	presently, soon, promptly; plus tosto: rather, sooner; si tosto que: as soon as
tote	(adj) all; every, each; tote le (homines): all (men); totos: all, everyone; de tote (le) corde: wholeheartedly; tote (le) duo: both
totevia	yet, still, nevertheless
toto	(n) all, everything; le toto: the whole; super toto: above all; ante toto: before all; post toto: after all; del toto: at all; in toto: entirely, wholely, in toto
toto	(adv) all, quite, wholely
trans	across, over, beyond, on the farther side of
troppo	too, too much; troppo (de) (libros, etc.): too many (books, etc.); troppo (de) (aqua, etc.): too much (water, etc.); de troppo: superfluous, in the way, de trop
tu	your, thy
tue	yours, thine
tunc	then
ubi	(adv) where; (conj) where; when; as soon as; wherewith; in which; a ubi: where, whither; de ubi: from where, whence
ubicunque	wherever
ubique	everywhere; anywhere, wheresoever, wherever
ultra	(adv) on the other side, beyond, farther; (prep) on the farther side of; beyond, past; besides; ultra illo: besides, moreover; ultra que: aside from the fact that
un	a, an; le un le altere: one another, each other; le unes les alteres: one another, each other
uno	(indef pron) one
unquam	ever, at any time
usquam	somewhere
usque	(prep) (all the way up) to, up to; till, until; usque nunc: up to now
verso	towards, to
via	(adv) away; off; via!: go away!, begone!; (prep) by way of, via
vice	(n) turn, stead; time (as in "three times"); alicun vices: sometimes; un vice: once; on one occasion; formerly; un vice que: once, once that; in vice de: instead of; a vices: at times; altere vice: a second time; plure vices: several times, repeatedly
viste	considering; viste que: considering that
vix	adv1. with difficulty; 2. hardly, scarcely, barely
voluntarie	willingly, readily, gladly, with pleasure
vos	you; yourself, yourselves
vostre	your, yours
ya	(adv) indeed, certainly, of course; ya (io lo crede): (I) do (believe it)

Word Building構詞

Nouns derived from Nouns名詞派生名詞

-ada	1. 'product made from ...'; 2. 'series of ...'
-age	(pronun. -aje) 'collection of ...' (NOTE:-agi- before -a- or -o- of additional suffix)
-alia	'worthless collection of ...'
-ano	1. 'native, citizen, or inhabitant of ....'; 2. 'language of ...'; 3. 'adherent or follower of ...' (fem. -ana in senses 1,3) (NOTE:used with names of places and persons. In the case of place names not ending in -a or -o as also of all names of persons, the euphonic variant -iano is to be preferred.)
-ario	I. 'person concerned with or characterized by ...'; II. 1. 'collection of ...'; 2. 'place containing ...'
-astro	1. 'inferior or worthless ...'; 2. 'related through remarriage of a parent' (fem. -astra)
-ata	'contents of or quantity contained in one ...'
-ato	'function, status, rank, jurisdiction, period of office, or territory of a ...'
-eria	(pronun. -ería) 1. 'place where ... is made, worked, kept, or sold'; 2. 'art, craft, trade, or practice of working with ...'; 3. 'behavior of a ... or like that of a ...'
-ero	'one who works with or deals in ...'
-ese	1. 'native, citizen, or inhabitant of ...'; 2. 'language of ...'
-essa	1. 'female ...'; 2. 'wife of a ...'
-eto	'grove of ... trees'
-etto, -etta	'little, small, or minor ...'
-ia	(pronun. -'ia) 'country, province, or region of the ...s, or named for' (NOTE:used with names of peoples and persons.)
-ia	(pronun. -ía) 1. 'state, quality, status, or jurisdiction of (a, an) ...' 2. 'art, science, or practice, also profession, establishment, etc. of (a, an) ...' (NOTE:used mostly with compounds.)
-ica	'science or study of the ...'
-ico	'one skilled in the art or science of ...'
-iera	1. 'that which contains, covers, or protects ...'; 2. 'field, mine, quarry, etc. where ... grows or is found'
-iero	'tree, bush, plant, etc. bearing or producing ...'
-il	'place where ...s are kept' (NOTE:used with names of animals.)
-ina	'substance made from, characterizing, related to, etc. ...' (NOTE:used mostly as technical [chemical] suffix.)
-ismo	1. 'state or practice of being a ...'; 2. [Med.] ' abnormal condition resulting from excess of ...'; 3. 'doctrine or practice of, or concerned with ...'; 4. 'something characteristic of ..., or of the language of ...'
-ista	1. 'one who practices the art or science of ...'; 2. 'adherent of the doctrine of...'
-ita	1. 'inhabitant, citizen, or native of ...'; 2. 'member, adherent, or partisan of ...'
-ite	'rock or other mineral containing ..., resembling ..., characterized by ..., related to ...' (NOTE:used mostly in technical [mineralogical] terms.)
-itis	'inflammatory disease of the ...' (NOTE:used with names of parts of the body, chiefly in technical [medical] terms.)
-oide	'something like, or shaped like ...'
-osis	'abnormal or diseased condition, state, or process of the ..., caused by ..., characterized by ..., etc.' (NOTE:used chiefly in technical [medical] words.)

Adjectives derived from Nouns名詞派生形容詞

-al	'pertaining to ..., characteristic of ..., etc.'
-an	'pertaining to ...'; esp. 'native of ...' (NOTE:used with names of places and persons. In the case of place names not ending in -a or -o as also of all names of persons, the euphonic variant-ianis to be preferred.)
-ari	'pertaining to ..., consisting of ..., etc.'
-ate	'having a ... or ...s'
-esc	1. 'like, similar to, or characteristic of a ...'; 2. 'in the manner or style of ...'
-ese	'pertaining to'; esp. 'native to ..., of ...' (NOTE:used with names of places.)
-ic	'of, pertaining to ..., characterized by ...'
-ifere	'bearing, producing, yielding'
-ific	'making, causing ...'
-in	'of, pertaining to, etc., ...' (NOTE:used particularly with names of animals.)
-ista	pertaining to ...ism or ...ists' (NOTE:not distinct from nouns in apposition.)
-oide	'like ..., shaped like ...' (NOTE:used chiefly in technical term.)
-ose	'having, abounding in ..., characterized by' (NOTE:-ion plus -ose > -iose.)
-otic	'pertaining to ...osis'

Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives名詞和形容詞派生動詞

-ar	1. 'to make use of ....; to apply, give, etc. ...'; 2. 'to render ..., to make ..., etc.'
-ificar	'to make, render ...; to convert into ...'
-isar	1. 'to make into ...'; 2. 'to apply ...; to make use (of the principles) of ..., etc.'; 3. 'to render ..., to make'

Nouns derived from Adjectives形容詞派生名詞

-essa	'state or quality of being ...'
-ia	(pronun. -'ia) 'state or quality of being ...' (NOTE:used chiefly with adjectives in -nte.)
-ia	(pronun. -ía) 'state or quality of being ...' (NOTE:used chiefly with technical compounds.)
-ismo	1. 'state or quality of being ...'; 2. 'doctrine or practice concerned with what is ...'; 3. 'something characteristic of the ... people or of their language'
-ista	'adherent of the doctrine or practice concerned with what is ...'
-itate	'state or quality of being ...' (NOTE:synonym of -itude, but preferred when the base is already a derivative.)
-itude	'state or quality of being ...'

Adjectives derived from Adjectives形容詞派生形容詞

-ette

'somewhat ...; pretty ...'

Derivations from Verbs動詞的派生

-ada	(n) 'continued or prolonged action of ...ing'
-age	(n) 'action or process of ...ing'
-eria	(n) 1. 'place where ... is done'; 2. 'art, craft, trade, or practice of ...ing; also: the product of such work'
-amento (-ar), -imento (-er, -ir)	(n) 'action or result of ...ing'
-ante (-ar), -ente (-er), iente (-ir)	(adj) '...ing, that ...s' (NOTE:identical with present participle.)
-ante (-ar), -ente (-er), -iente (-ir)	(n) 'one who or that which is ...ing or ...s'
-antia (-ar), -entia (-er), -ientia (-ir)	(n) 'state or quality of ...ing'
-abile (-ar), -ibile (-er, -ir)	(adj) 'that can be ...ed; that is worthy to be ...ed'
-ation (-ar), -ition (-er, -ir)	(n) 'action or result of ...ing'
-ative (-ar), -itive (-er, -ir)	(adj) 1. 'tending to ...'; 2. 'having the function of ...ing'
-ator (-ar), -itor (-er, -ir)	(n) 'one who, or that which ...s'
-atori (-ar), -itori (-er, -ir)	(adj) 'pertaining to, or serving for, the action of ...ing'
-atorio (-ar), -itorio (-er, -ir)	(n) 'place where, installation or instrument with which ...ing is done'
-atrice (-ar), -itrice (-er, -ir)	(n) 'a woman who ...s'
-atura (-ar), itura (-er, -ir)	(n) 'action or result of ...ing'
-ate (-ar), -ite (-er, -ir)	(adj) 1. '...ed, being ...ed'; 2. '...ed, having ...ed (NOTE:identical with the past participle.)

General Prefixes通用前綴

ad-	(v) 'to, toward, into' (NOTE:by extension, 'change into, increase of intensity, etc.'.)
ante-	(n, adj, v) 'preceding in time or space'
anti-	(n, adj) opposed to, against; opposite' (NOTE:ant- before 'h' and vowels.)
auto-	(n, adj) 'self' (NOTE:aut- before vowels.)
circum-	(adj, v) 'about, around'
co-	(n, adj) 'joint, fellow'
con-	(n, adj, v) 'with, together, jointly, mutually' (NOTE:'n-' mutates under certain conditions.)
contra-	(n, v) 'against, opposing; counter or contrary to'
dis-	(n, adj, v) 1. 'apart, separately; divided, scattered'; 2. 'not ..., contrary or opposite of'
ex-	(n) 'former'
extra-	1. (n, adj, v) 'outside; outside the scope of'; 2. (adj) 'highly, unusually, very'
gran-	(in names of kinship) 'grand-, great-' (NOTE:for further reduplication, the prefix 'pro-' is available.)
in-	I. (v) 'in, into'; II. (n, adj) 'not ...; lacking; lack of' (NOTE:'n-' mutates under certain conditions.)
inter-	(n, adj, v) 'between, among'
intra-	(adj) 'inside, within'
intro-	(v) 'inwards, to the inside'
mis-	(v) 'badly, wrongly'
non-	(n, adj) 'not ..., lack or absence of'
per-	(v) 1. 'through, throughout'; 2. 'thoroughly, extremely, very'
post-	(n, adj, v) 'behind, after in time, location, or order'
pre-	(n, adj, v) 'before in time, position, or rank'
pro-	1. (n, adj) 'in favor of, on the side of'; 2. (v) 'forward, forth'
re-	(v) 1. 'back, backwards'; 2. 'again'
retro-	(v) 'back, backwards'
sub-	(n, adj, v) 1. 'under, underneath'; 2. 'subordinate; subdivision of'; 3. 'slightly, slight' (NOTE:'b-' mutates under certain conditions.)
super-	(n, adj, v) 1. 'over, above'; 2. 'very; excessively, too much'
trans-	(n, adj, v) 1. 'beyond, across; surpassing' 2. 'though, across'
ultra-	(n, adj, v) 'beyond'
vice-	(n) 'one who takes the place of'

Technical Prefixes (modifying nouns and adjectives)

a-	'not ...; without ...; lacking ...' (NOTE:an- before 'h' and vowels.)
amphi-	1. 'both, on both sides'; 2, 'around, about'
ana-	'again'
apo-	1. 'off, away'; 2. [Chem.] 'formed from, related to'
cata-	1. 'down, downwards'; 2. 'against, reflected' (NOTE:cat- before 'h' and vowels.)
dia-	1. 'through'; 2. 'away, apart' (NOTE:di- before vowels.)
dys-	'bad, badly, not well'
ecto-	'outside, external' (NOTE:ect- before vowels.)
en-	'in, into' (NOTE:em- before, 'b', 'm', 'p', 'ph'.)
endo-	'within' (NOTE:end- before vowels.)
ento-	'within, inside' (NOTE:ent- before vowels.)
epi-	'on, upon' (NOTE:ep- before 'h' and vowels.)
exo-	'without, outside' (NOTE:ex- before vowels.)
hyper-	'over; beyond; too much'
hypo-	1. 'below, beneath, under'; 2. 'to a lower degree; somewhat'; 3. [Chem.] 'indicating a lower state of oxidation, or a lower position in a series of compounds'
meta-	1. 'behind'; 2. 'beyond, transcending, higher'; 3. 'after, subsequent to' (NOTE:met- before 'h' and vowels.)
para-	1. ' besides, alongside'; 2. 'amiss, faulty, wrong'; 3. 'resembling; modification of' (NOTE:par- before 'h' and vowels.)
peri-	'around, about'
syn-	'with, together; alike' (NOTE:syl- before 'l'; sym- before 'b', 'm', 'p', and 'ph'.)

(NOTE:the Interlingua Grammar, pp.78ff [§161], lists a number of affixes, many derived from Greek (a few from Latin), which may also be used in word building and which are similar to their use in English and many of the west European languages, especially in technical and scientific compounds.)

拉丁國際語日常用語

英語	拉丁國際語
Welcome	Benvenite!
Hello (General greeting)	Bon die! Salute! (on meeting); Holla! (to call attention); Vide! (to express surprise)
Hello(on phone)	Hallo!
How are you?	Como sta vos?
Reply to 'How are you?'	Multo ben, gratias. E vos?
Long time no see	Quante tempore!
What's your name?	Qual es vostre nomine?
My name is ...	Mi nomine es ...
Where are you from?	De ubi veni vos?
I'm from ...	Io veni de ...
Pleased to meet you	Contente de facer vostre cognoscentia!; Il es un placer facer vostre cognoscentia!
Good morning; (Morning greeting)	Bon matino
Good afternoon; (Afternoon greeting)	Bon die
Good evening; (Evening greeting)	Bon vespere
Good night	Bon nocte
Goodbye; (Parting phrases)	Adeo; A revider
Good luck!	Bon fortuna! Bon sorte!
Cheers! Good Health!; (Toasts used when drinking)	A vostre sanitate! A vostre salute! Bon sanitate!
Have a nice day	Ha un bon die!
Bon appetit /; Have a nice meal	Bon appetito!
Bon voyage /; Have a good journey	Bon viage!
I understand	Io comprende
I don't understand	Io non comprende
Yes	Si
No	No
Maybe	Forsan
I don't know	Io non sape
Please speak more slowly	Parla plus lentemente, per favor
Please say that again	Dice lo de novo, per favor
Please write it down	Scribe lo, per favor
Do you speakInterlingua?	Parla vos interlingua?
Yes, a little; (reply to 'Do you speak ...?')	Si, un pauc; Si, un poco
How do you say ... inInterlingua?	Como se dice ... in interlingua?; Como dice on ... in interlingua?
Speak to me inInterlingua	Parla me in interlingua
Excuse me	Pardona me
How much is this?	Quanto costa isto?
Sorry	Pardono!
Please	Per favor
Thank you	Gratias; Multe gratias
Reply to thank you	Il es nihil
Where's the toilet?	Ubi es le w.c.?; Ubi es le lavatorio?
This gentleman will pay for everything	Iste gentilhomine va pagar toto; Iste senior pagara toto
This lady will pay for everything	Iste seniora vole pagar toto
Would you like to dance with me?	Amarea vos dansar con me?; Vos placerea dansar con me?
I miss you	Io te regretta
I love you	Io te ama
Get well soon	Recupera presto!
Leave me alone!	Lassa me in pace!
Help!	Adjuta!
Fire!	Foco!
Stop!	Stoppa!
Call the police!	Telephona le policia!
Christmas and New Year greetings	Felice natal e bon anno nove
Easter greetings	Felice pascha
Birthday greetings	Felice anniversario
One language is never enough	Un lingua es nunquam bastante
My hovercraft is full of eels; Why this phrase?	Mi aeroglissator es plen de anguillas