過去分詞

過去分詞（past participle）是分詞的一種。規則動詞的過去分詞一般是由動詞加-ed構成（規則見後）。

基本介紹

• 中文名：過去分詞
• 外文名：past participle
• 別稱：過去分詞
• 套用學科：英語
• 常見結構：動詞原形加-ed
• 類別：類動詞
• 簡寫：pp.

構成規則

規則動詞的過去分詞的構成規則與規則動詞的過去式的構成規則相同。四點變化規則：

(1)一般動詞，在詞尾直接加“-ed ”。（然而要注意的是，過去分詞並不是過去式）

work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited

(2)以不發音的“e”結尾的動詞，只在詞尾加“d ”。

live---lived---lived

(3)以“輔音字母 + y ”結尾的動詞，將 "y" 變為 "i" ，再加“-ed”。

study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried,try—tried—tried,fry—fried—fried.

(4)重讀閉音節結尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母（r、y、x除外），先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“-ed”。

stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped

• 特例：有兩類動詞本身應該直接加“ed”，但由於歷史習慣，依舊要雙寫最後一個字母，再加“ed”。以“元音字母+l”非重讀結尾的規則動詞變過去分詞也要雙寫“l",再加“ed”。例如cancel→cancelled，dial→dialled。另外還有一些以非重讀閉音節結尾的規則動詞變過去分詞也要雙寫最後一個輔音字母,再加“ed”。例如：kidnap→kidnapped，worship→worshipped。而上述兩種情況在美國一般卻直接加“ed”。

(5)以c結尾的動詞，要變c為ck，再加“-ed”。

picnic→picnicked，traffic→trafficked

• 註：這樣做主要是為了避免變化後其原型尾音/k/變成/s/。根據英文的拼寫規則，c在字母e、i、y之前均發/s/，其他情況下均發/k/。如果直接加“ed”的話，trafficed將會讀成/'træfɪsɪd/，而不讀/'træfɪkt/。

不規則動詞

AAA型

即原形、過去式和過去分詞三者都相同。（共9個）

1. cost—cost—cost
2. cut—cut—cut
3. hit—hit—hit
4. hurt—hurt—hurt
5. let—let—let
6. put—put—put
7. read—read—read(read的原形和過去式、過去分詞 讀音不同)
8. set-set-set
9. shut-shut-shut

ABB型

過去式、過去分詞相同。（共42個）

1. 過去式和過去分詞都含有 -ought。（4個）
   bring—brought—brought
   buy—bought—bought
   think—thought—thought
   fight—fought—fought
2. 詞尾有-ild，-end時，只需把d變為t。（4個）
   build—built—built
   lend—lent— lent
   send—sent—sent
   spend—spent— spent
3. 過去式、過去分詞都含有 -aught。（2個）
   catch—caught—caught
   teach—taught—taught
4. 把-eep、-eel變為-ept、-elt。（4個）
   keep—kept—kept
   sleep—slept—slept
   sweep— swept—swept
   feel—felt— felt
5. 把-ell變為-old。（2個）
   tell—told—told
   sell—sold—sold
6. 把-ell、-ill變為-elt或-ilt。（3個）
   smell—smelt—smelt
   spell—spelt—spelt
   spill—spilt—spilt
7. 把-eed、-ead、-eet變為-ed或-et。（4個）
   feed—fed—fed
   lead—led—led
   speed—sped—sped
   meet—met—met
8. 過去式、過去分詞都在原形詞尾加t。（6個）
   learn—learnt—learnt
   mean—meant—meant
   spoil—spoilt—spoilt
   burn—burnt—burnt
   dream—dreamt—dreamt
   deal—dealt—dealt
9. 過去式、過去分詞詞尾去y變-id（3個）
   say—said—said
   pay—paid—paid
   lay—laid—laid
10. 改變元音字母。（12個）
    get—got—got
    sit—sat—sat
    find—found—found
    hold—held—held
    spit—spat—spat
    shine—shone—shone
    win—won—won
    hang—hung—hung
    dig— dug—dug
    lose—lost—lost
11. 改變輔音字母。（4個）
    make—made—made
12. 改變元、輔音字母。（4個）
    leave—left—left
    stand—stood—stood
    have/has—had—had
    understand—understood—understood

ABC型

原形、過去式、過去分詞都不相同。（共39個）

1. i—a—u變化。（7個）
   begin—began—begun
   drink—drank—drunk
   sing— sang—sung
   ring—rang—rung
   swim—swam—swum
   sink— sank—sunk
   spring—sprang—sprung
2. 詞尾為-ow，-aw時，過去式將其變為-ew，過去分詞在其原形後加n。（5個）
   blow—blew—blown
   draw—drew—drawn
   grow— grew—grown
   know—knew—known
   throw—threw—thrown
   （show除外）
3. 詞尾為“i+輔（1個）+e”，過去式將i變為o，過去分詞多在原形後加n，若那個輔音字母為d或t，須雙寫d或t後加n。（4個）（give，hide除外）
   drive—drove—driven
   write—wrote—written
   ride— rode—ridden
   rise—rose—risen
4. 過去分詞在過去式後加n。（3個）
   wake—woke—woken
   speak-spoke-spoken
   steal-stole-stolen
5. 過去分詞由過去式加-ten構成。（2個）
   get-got-gotten/got
   forget—forgot—forgotten
6. 過去分詞由原形加（e）n構成。（6個）
   be—was（were）—been
   eat—ate—eaten
   fall—fell—fallen
   give—gave—given
   see—saw—seen
   hide—hid—hidden（hid）
7. 詞尾為-ake時，過去式將其變為-ook，過去分詞在原形詞後加-n。（2個）
   take—took—taken
   mistake—mistook—mistaken
8. 原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同。（6個）
   do—did—done
   fly—flew—flown
   go—went—gone
   lie—lay—lain
   show—showed—shown
   wear—wore—worn
9. 詞尾為-eak時，過去式將其變為-oke，過去分詞在過去式後加-n。（2個）
   break—broke—broken
   speak—spoke—spoken
10. 詞中間為“oo+輔（1個）+e”或“ee+輔（1個）+e”，過去式將oo、ee變為o，過去分詞在過去式後加-n。（2個）
    choose—chose—chosen
    freeze—froze—frozen

AAB型

過去式和原形相同。（1個）

beat—beat—beaten

ABA型

過去分詞和原形相同。（共3個）

詞中間為“o+輔+e”時，過去式將o變為a。（2個）
come—came—come
become—became—become

情態動詞型

(除must)

只有原形和過去式，沒有過去分詞。（共4個）

1. can—could
2. may—might
3. will—would
4. shall—should

must 既沒有過去式也沒有過去分詞。

常用過去分詞

be(am,is,are) (是）was,were been

begin（開始） began begun
drink（喝） drank drunk
ring（鈴響） rang rung
sing （唱） sang sung
swim（游泳） swam swum
blow（吹） blew blown
draw（畫） drew drawn
fly（飛） flew flown
grow（生長） grew grown
know（知道） knew known
throw（投擲） threw thrown
show（出示） showed shown
break（打破） broke broken
choose（選擇） chose chosen
forget（忘記） forgot forgotten (forgot)
speak（說，講） spoke spoken
wake（醒） woke woken
drive（駕駛） drove driven
eat（吃） ate eaten
fall（落下） fell fallen
give（給） gave given
rise（升高） rose risen
take（取） took taken
ride（騎） rode ridden
write（寫） wrote written
do（做） did done
go（去） went gone
lie（平躺） lay lain
see（看見） saw seen
wear （穿） wore worn

cost（花費）cost cost

cut（割） cut cut
hit（打） hit hit
hurt（傷害） hurt hurt
let（讓） let let
put（放） put put
read（讀） read read
動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞
arise arose arisen

其他情況

awake awoke/awaked awoken

be was/were been

bear bore borne(攜帶)/born(出生)

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

befall befell befallen

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten/bit

bleed bled bled

blend blended blent

bless blessed blest

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast / broadcasted

build built built

burn burnt/burned burnt/burned

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft

cling clung clung

clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

crow crowed/crew crowed

cut cut cut

dare dared/durst dared

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

dwell dwelt dwelt

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade/forbad forbidden

forecast forecast/forecasted forecast / forecasted

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

gainsay gainsaid gainsaid

get got gotten

gild gilded/gilt gilded

gird girded/girt girded/girt

give gave given

go went gone

grave graved graven/graved

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

hang hung/hanged hung/hanged

have had had

hear heard heard

heave heaved/hove hesved/hove

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

kneel knelt knelt

know knew known

lade laded laden

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leant/leaned leant/leaned

leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped

learn learnt/learned learnt/learned

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lielay lain

lielied lied

light lit/lighted lit/lighted

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

melt melted meited/molten

mistake mistook mistaken

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

outgrow outgrew outgrown

overcome overcame overcome

oversee oversaw overseen

pay paid paid

prove proved proved/proven

put put put

quit quitted/quit quitted/quit

read read read

rend rent rent

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

rive rived riven/rived

run ran run

saw sawed sawn/sawed

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn/sewed

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved/shaven

shear sheared sheared/shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shoe shod shod

shoot shot shot

show showed shown/showed

shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk/shrunken

shrive shrove / shrived shriven/shrived

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken

sit sat sat

slay slew slain

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slink slunk slunk

slit slit slit

smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sown/sowed

speak spoke spoken

speed sped/speeded sped/speeded

spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled

spend spent spent

spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled

spin spun/span spun

spit spat/spit spat/spit

spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled

spread spread spread

spring sprang/sprung sprung

stand stood stood

stave staved/stove staved/stove

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen/swelled

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden/trod

upset upset upset

wake woke/waked woken/waked

wear wore worn

weave wove woven

weep wept wept

win won won

wind wound wound

work worked/wrought worked/wrought

wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

句法作用

作表語

The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 這座城市三面環山。

【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動語態的區別：過去分詞作表語，主要是表示主語的狀態，而被動語態則表示動作。

(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被動語態，表示動作)

(2) The library is now closed. 圖書館關門了。(過去分詞作表語)

【注意】過去分詞表示被動和完成，V-ing 形式表示主動和進行.有些動詞如 interest,bore,worry,surprise,frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人，用 -ing 形式來修飾物.。

(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 這本書很有趣，我對它很感興趣。

作定語

作定語的過去分詞相當於形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞.及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，既表被動又表完成；不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，只表完成。

1． 過去分詞用作定語，如果是單個的，常置於其所修飾的名詞之前。

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適應改變了的情況。

2． 過去分詞短語用作定語時，一般置於其所修飾的名詞之後，其意義相當於一個定語從句,但較從句簡潔，多用於書面語中。

The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會大為成功。

3．過去分詞短語有時也可用作非限制性定語，前後常有逗號。

The meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero. 他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會，到會的有五千多人。

4． 用來修飾人的過去分詞有時可以轉移到修飾非人的事物，這種過去分詞在形式上雖不直接修飾人，但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關。

The boy looked up with a pleased satisfied expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視。

作狀語

1． 過去分詞作狀語表示被動的和完成的動作。

(1) Written in a hurry,this article was not so good! 因為寫得匆忙，這篇文章不是很好。

【注意】written 為過去分詞作狀語，表示這篇文章是被寫的，而且已經被寫. 值得注意的是，有些過去分詞因來源於系表結構,作狀語時不表被動而表主動.這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有： lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (駐紮); lost / absorbed in (沉溺於); born (出身於); dressed in (穿著); tired of (厭煩)。

(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought,he didn't hear the sound.因為沉溺於思考之中，所以他沒聽到那個聲音。

2． 過去分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語為主句的主語，此時應注意人稱一致；

(1) Given another hour,I can also work out this problem.

再給我一個小時，我也能解這道題.(given 為過去分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語為主句主語 I,即 I 被再給一個小時。)

(2)Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us.

從山頂看城市，城市顯得更漂亮。(seen 為過去分詞作狀語，表"被看",由語境可知，它的邏輯主語必須是城市，而不是"我們",因為"我們"應主動看城市。)

【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時，前面再加邏輯主語，主句的主語就不再是分詞的邏輯主語，這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結構實際上屬於獨立主格結構。

(1) The signal given,the bus started. 信號一發出，汽車就開動了。(the signal 是 given 的邏輯主語，因此主句主語 the bus 就不是given 的邏輯主語。

(2) Her head held high,she went by. 她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去。(her head 是 held high 的邏輯主語，因此主句主語 she 就不再是held high 的邏輯主語。)

3． 過去分詞作狀語來源於狀語從句.

(1) Caught in a heavy rain,he was all wet. 因為淋了一場大雨，所以他全身濕透了。 (caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語，它來源於原因狀語從句Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)

(2)_Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長得很快。( grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源於條件狀語從句 。If these seeds are grown in rich soil.

【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時有時還可保留連詞，構成"連詞+過去分詞"結構作狀語。

When given a medical examination,you should keep calm. 當你做體格檢查時要保持鎮定。

4． 過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語，後面有逗號與主句隔開；也可放在主句後面，前面有逗號與主句隔開。

He stood there silently,moved to tears. = Moved to tears,he stood there silently. 他靜靜地站在那裡，被感動得熱淚盈眶。

作賓語補足語

(一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補的動詞有以下四類：

1． 表示感覺或心理狀態的動詞.如：see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think等。

(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌。(過去分詞sung的動作顯然先於謂語動作heard;)

(2) He found his hometown greatly changed. 他發現他的家鄉變化很大。(過去分詞changed的動作顯然先於謂語動作found)

2． 表示"致使"意義的動詞.如：have,make,get,keep,leave等。

(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理髮。

(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。

(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。

3． 表示思維活動的動詞如consider，know，think等後。如：

(1) I consider the matter settled. 我認為這件事解決了。

(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我認為自己在這場交易中又受愚弄了。

4． 表示愛憎,意願的動詞如want， wish， like， hate等後。如：

(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要預定兩張機票。

(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不願這事被提起。

【注意】過去分詞所表示的動作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動賓關係。

(二)使役動詞have接過去分詞作賓補有兩種情況。

1． 過去分詞所表示的動作由他人完成。

He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了。(被別人偷去了)

2． 過去分詞所表示的動作由句中的主語所經歷.如： He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了。 (自己的經歷)

其他

with +賓語+過去分詞

此結構中，過去分詞用作介詞with的賓語補足語.這一結構通常在句中作時間，方式，條件，原因等狀語。

(1) The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶進來了，他的雙手被綁在背後。(表方式)

(2) With water heated,we can see the steam. 水一被加熱，我們就會看到水蒸氣。(表條件)

(3) With the matter settled,we all went home. 事情得到解決，我們都回家了。(表原因)

(4)_She stood in front of him,with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注視著他。

(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會兒。