預製語（詞）塊是一種兼具辭彙與語法特徵的語言結構,通常由多個詞構成,並具有特定的話語功能。
基本簡介,英文解釋,
基本簡介
預製語塊從結構上可分為4 類:1) 多元詞語塊( Polywords) ;2) 習俗語語塊( Institutionalized expressions) ;3) 短語架構語塊( Phrasal constraints) ;4) 句子構建語塊(Sentence builders) 。根據預製語塊在不同情景中的會話結構和話語語用特點,預製語塊又可分為社互動動(Social interactions) 、必要的話題(Necessary topics) 和話語設定(Discourse devices) 3 類。
心理語言學的研究發現,人的記憶中保留有大量的預製語言單位,這些預製的語言單位就是信息語塊,由幾個詞項構成,但比單個的單詞包含更多的信息,這就是預製語塊。預製語塊普遍存在於人腦的記憶中,而且隨著我們對記憶材料的熟悉程度而增加,預製語塊的數量也相應增加,從而使大腦可以存儲和回憶更多的信息。
英文解釋
Lexical chunks
Lexical items composed of more than one word are also sometimes called lexical chunks, gambits, lexical phrases, lexical units, lexicalized stems or speech formulae. The term polyword listemes is also sometimes used. Common types of lexical chunks include:
Words, e.g., cat, tree
Phrasal verbs, such as put off or get out
Polywords, e.g., by the way, inside out
Collocations, e.g., motor vehicle, absolutely convinced.
Institutionalized utterances, e.g., I'll get it, We'll see, That'll do, If I were you, Would you like a cup of coffee?
Idioms, e.g., break a leg, was one whale of a, a bitter pill to swallow
Sentence framesand heads, e.g., That is not as...as you think, The problem was
Text frames, e.g., In this paper we explore...; Firstly...; Secondly...; Finally ....
An associated concept is that of noun-modifiersemantic relations, wherein certain word pairings have a standard interpretation. For example, the phrase "cold virus" is generally understood to refer to the virus that causes a cold, rather than a virus that is cold.
A lexical chunk is a group of words that are commonly found together. Lexical chunks include collocations but these usually just involve content words, not grammar.
Example
In this dialogue there are five possible chunks:
- Did you stay longat the party?
- No, I got out of thereas soon as they ran out of food.
In the classroom
Focusing on lexical chunks is a useful way to look at language and to extend learners' control of it. For example, learners can spend a little time at the end of a reading comprehension exercise identifying chunks in the text and analyzing them, or identifying other contexts they might be found in.
