《論學問》<<Of Studies>>是培根散文集58篇散文集中最著名的一篇。文章分析了學習的主要的目的，不同人採取不同學習方法及學習是如何對人的性情品格產生潛移默化的影響。《論學問》《Of studies》的語言有氣度並頗有說服力，結構簡練而緊湊，向讀者揭示了培根對學習的自然客觀態度。
基本介紹
- 作品名稱：論學問
- 外文名稱：Of Studies
- 文學體裁：散文
- 作者：培根
作者簡介：,主要內容：,
作者簡介：
弗蘭西斯 培根
弗蘭西斯 培根（1561——1626）是一位英國文藝復興的代表人物，英國唯物主義哲學家，科學家及散文家。出身於貴族家庭，父親是英國女王伊莉莎白的掌璽大臣，男爵。培根於1626年春，為了試驗冷藏是否可以保存肉類持久不腐，在大風雪中受凍，患重感冒而與世長辭。
馬克思稱培根為“英國唯物主義和整個現代實驗科學的真正始祖”
他通過持之以恆地用科學方法思考及依靠觀察而非權威學說獲取知識的態度成為現代科學的奠基人。他的《培根散文集》是英國文學中這一流派的典範，並被譽為英語散文發展的重要里程碑。他所運用的一些新鮮辭彙還進入了英國文學傳統。而他的《論說文集》是一本世界性的名著
主要內容：
《論學問》："Of Studies"writen by Francis Bacon
STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study 197 the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt.
<<論讀書>>
有一技之長者鄙讀書，無知者羨讀書，唯明智之士用讀書，然書並不以用處告人，用書之智不在書中，而在書外，全憑觀察得之。
讀書時不可存心詰難讀者，不可盡信書上所言，亦不可只為尋章摘句，而應推敲細思。
書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數則須咀嚼消化。換言之，有隻需讀其部分者，有隻須大體涉獵者，少數則須全讀，讀時須全神貫注，孜孜不倦。書亦可請人代讀，取其所作摘要，但只限題材較次或價值不高者，否則書經提煉猶如水經蒸餾，淡而無味。
讀書使人充實，討論使人機智，筆記使人準確。因此不常做筆記者須記憶力特強，不常討論者須天生聰穎，不常讀書者須欺世有術，始能無知而顯有知。
讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數學使人周密，科學使人深刻，倫理學使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學使人善辯；凡有所學，皆成性格。
