《測繪學英語》是2014年出版的圖書，作者是馬振利、張繼超、任東風、范強、劉茂華。
基本介紹
- 中文名：測繪學英語
- 出版社：清華大學出版社
- ISBN：9787302363088
- 定價：38 元
- 裝幀：平裝
- 印次：1-1
- 印刷日期：2014-6-27
內容簡介,序 言,目錄,
內容簡介
測繪學英語
該教材按照國內多數高校測繪工程專業“數字測圖原理與方法”課程大綱要求，結合中國測繪技術現狀並參考英美等國測繪技術特點，採用全英文系統地介紹了測繪學基礎的理論與技術，包括：測繪學(Geomatics)的基本概念與發展變革、高程測量、角度測量、距離測量、誤差理論與簡易平差方法、小區域控制測量、大比例尺數字測圖和地形圖套用等教學內容。每章均附有習題和參考答案，附錄中還包括以中文總結了該課程的知識要點和該教材中出現的500餘條術語的英中文對照。
該書可以作為本科“數字測圖原理與方法”課程進行雙語教學和“測繪英語”課程的教材，也可以作為研究生相關課程的教材和測繪工程技術人員的參考書。
作者：馬振利、張繼超、任東風、范強、劉茂華
序 言
2005年，主編主講的一門課程“測繪學基礎”(過去稱為“地形測量學”或“普通測量學”，現在亦稱“數字測圖原理與方法”)被評為遼寧省本科精品課程，卻苦於沒有配套的英文教材進行雙語教學。當時雖設法蒐集了英、美等國家高校類似的教材，但其涉及的知識體系和內容與我國測繪學科對該門課程的教學要求相去甚遠，完全不適應中國國情和測繪工程專業的實際情況。為此，我們只好自行編寫了一部符合國內測繪專業使用的英文教材“Fundamentals of Geomatics in English”。到2009年，將其作為內部雙語教學的教材先後修改和印製了3次，在測繪工程、地理信息系統和資源環境與城鄉規劃管理3個本科專業的“測繪學基礎”課程教學中試用了10個學期。
本書涵蓋了有關測繪學基礎理論和技術，重點介紹數字測圖的原理與方法，內容包括：第一章緒論；第二章測繪學的基本理論與知識；第三章水準測量；第四章角度測量；第五章距離測量；第六章測量誤差理論；第七章小區域控制測量；第八章大比例尺地形圖測繪；第九章地形圖的套用。同時，每章均配合本章教學內容安排了若干習題。此外，考慮到學生掌握專業英語閱讀和實際需要的具體情況，在附錄中包括了中英文對照的各章節知識要點與習題參考答案及本書中出現的500餘條個專業辭彙的英中文對照。
本書適合測繪工程及相近專業的“測繪學”等課程，用於雙語教學或“測繪英語”課程，同時也適合測繪工程領域內科技人員閱讀和研究生的專業考試的複習之用。
本書與其他兩部英文教材的研究與編寫，是遼寧省高等教育教學改革研究項目“測繪工程專業主幹課雙語教學研究與實踐”的成果之一，並於2012年5月8日獲得國家首屆“測繪地理信息教學成果獎”。
參加本書編寫和繪圖的有：中國礦業大學銀川學院馬振利、黃恆，遼寧工程技術大學裴亮、王崇倡、張繼超、任東風、范強，瀋陽建築大學任家強、劉茂華等老師。
編寫一部適應中國國情的測繪專業英文教材，是我們的一次斗膽嘗試，敬請各位專家學者和使用本教材的讀者對書中可能出現的技術錯誤和“Chinglish”現象給予批評斧正，對此深表謝意。
此次本書得以正式出版，首先十分感謝清華大學出版社的各位編輯。其次，對本教材修改中提出寶貴意見的各位任課教師和學生們表示深深的謝意。
編 者
Preface
Nowadays, more and more attention has been paid to the subject Geo-Spatial Information Science or Geomatics. It mainly includes the 3-S techniques, that is, GNSS (global navigation satellite system), GIS (geographic information system), and RS (remote sensing), together with its two supporting technologies—computers and communications used to collect, measure, analyze, store, manage, display, and distribute geo-spatial data. Geomatics is a preceding field in earth science and it is a significant element in geographic information science.
It is still in its infant period, an integrated theoretical structure is badly in need of being built. Particularly the techniques for geo-spatial data collection, storage, management, representation, and distribution want also to be developed.
In order to introduce the principal technology and knowledge of modern surveying theory and practice, this English version is published and referred currently to as “Fundamentals of Geomatics”, namely “Elementary Surveying and Mapping”. Since the new term, Geomatics, is now generally accepted in a majority of countries worldwide, and is consistent with modern theory and practice as currently evolving in China, it is an advisable addition to the textbook’s title. It is expected that this version will not only meet the needs of higher education in the bilingual teaching for the specialty of surveying and mapping, but be suitable for the engineers of spatial data users in various other engineering fields.
The authors\compilers have developed a professional level text designed mainly for sophomore students majored in Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Geographical Information System, and Urban and Rural Planning and Resource Management, and endeavored to present a readable text that provides basic concepts and practical knowledge in each of the areas fundamental to modern surveying (geomatics) practicality. The textbook introduces primary theory and practice in surveying engineering, but its depth and breadth also make it ideal for professional surveyors in self-study. Throughout the text, the authors/compilers have maintained its consistence with all relevant professional standards.
Meanwhile, this book tries to emphasize the theory and practice in topographical survey because it is the integrated application of elementary surveying knowledge. Students are hoped to learn deep into the subject in the other courses such as Geodetic Surveying, Photogrammetry, Survey Adjustment, Global Positioning System, Remote Sensing, Engineering Surveying, Mining Surveying, Cadastration, Cartography, Geographical Information System, Route Survey and so on in the junior and senior years. At the end of each chapter, there are a number of exercises closely related to the chief topics. Completing both the students and other readers can review the key points in teaching and promote one’s capability of analyzing and resolving problems.
For the sake of improving future editions, the authors/compilers will gratefully accept any workable suggestions or constructive criticisms from all the users including the surveyors in various fields, the university faculties and students.
MA, Zhenli
目錄
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
§1.1 DEFINITION OF GEOMATICS 1
§1.2 BRANCHES OF GEOMATICS 3
§1.3 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMATICS 6
Problems and Exercises 8
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Surveying 9
§2.1 THE EARTH, GEOID AND ELLIPSOID 9
2.1.1 The Shape and Size of the Earth 9
2.1.2 Geoid and Ellipsoid 10
2.1.3 Reference Ellipsoids 11
§2.2 POSITIONING OF POINTS ON THE GROUND 12
2.2.1 Independent Planar Coordinate Systems 12
2.2.2 Geographic Coordinate Systems 13
2.2.3 Gauss-Kruger Planar Coordinate System 15
§2.3 RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 17
2.3.1 Reference Directions 18
2.3.2 Azimuths and Bearings 19
2.3.3 Principle of Coordinates Computation 22
§2.4 INTRODUCTION TO MAPS 24
2.4.1 Maps 24
2.4.2 Map Scales 26
2.4.3 Contours 28
Problems and Exercises 32
Chapter 3 Leveling 35
§3-1 GENERAL BACKGROUND 35
3.1.1 Leveling Terms 35
3.1.2 Vertical Datum of China 37
3.1.3 Principles of Direct Leveling 38
§3.2 CURVATURE AND REFRACTION 39
3.2.1 Effect from the Earth’s Curvature 39
3.2.2 Effect from the Atmospheric Refraction 39
§3.3 LEVELING METHODS 40
3.3.1 Vertical Distances Measuring 41
3.3.2 Direct Leveling 41
3.3.3 Barometric Leveling 42
3.3.4 Trigonometric Leveling 42
§3.4 EQUIPMENT FOR DIRECT LEVELING 46
3.4.1 Telescopes 46
3.4.2 Level Vials 48
3.4.3 Tilting Levels 50
3.4.4 Automatic Levels 50
3.4.5 Electronic Digital Levels 51
3.4.6 Hand Level 53
3.4.7 Leveling Tripods and Rods 54
§3.5 FIELD AND OFFICE WORK FOR LEVELING 55
3.5.1 Operation for Leveling 55
3.5.2 Differential Leveling 57
3.5.3 Office Work in Leveling 62
§3.6 LEVEL TESTING AND ADJUSTING 65
3.6.1 Requirements for Level Testing and Adjusting 65
3.6.2 Parallax Adjusting 66
3.6.3 Circular Level Testing and Adjusting 67
3.6.4 Preliminary Adjustment of the Horizontal Cross Hair 68
3.6.5 Sightline Testing and Adjusting (Angle i Testing) 68
§3.7 SOURCES OF ERROR IN DIRECT LEVELING 70
3.7.1 Instrumental Errors 70
3.7.2 Personal Errors 71
3.7.3 Natural Errors 73
3.7.4 Mistakes 75
3.7.5 Errors Reducing and Mistakes Eliminating 76
Problems and Exercises 76
Chapter 4 Angles Measurement 83
§4.1 GENARAL BACKGROUND 83
4.1.1 Reference Directions for Vertical Angles 83
4.1.2 Meridians 84
4.1.3 Horizontal Angles 85
4.1.4 Azimuths 85
4.1.5 Bearings 85
4.1.6 Reverse Azimuth 86
4.1.7 Azimuth Calculations 86
§4.2 THEODOLITES 87
4.2.1 Classification of Theodolites 87
4.2.2 Geometrical Principle of Optical Theodolite 88
4.2.3 Optical Theodolite Components 89
4.2.4 Reading Devices and Methods 90
§4.3 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES 92
4.3.1 Theodolite Setup 92
4.3.2 Object Sighting and Aiming Marks 93
4.3.3 Horizontal Angle Measurement 94
4.3.4 Station Computations 96
§4.4 MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES 98
4.4.1 The Uses of Vertical Angle 98
4.4.2 Structure of Vertical Circle 99
4.4.3 Vertical Angles 99
4.4.4 Zenith Angles 100
4.4.5 Index Error of Vertical Circle 101
§4.5 THEODOLITE TESTING AND ADJUSTING 103
4.5.1 Plate Bubble Axis Perpendicular to Vertical Axis 104
4.5.2 Vertical Cross-Hair Perpendicular to Horizontal Axis 104
4.5.3 Optical Axis Perpendicular to Horizontal Axis 105
4.5.4 Horizontal Cross-hairs Lies on the Sight Axis 106
4.5.5 Circular Level 106
4.5.6 Optical Plummet 107
§4.6 ELECTRONIC THEODOLITES 107
4.6.1 Configuration of Electronic Theodolite 107
4.6.2 Use of Electronic Theodolite 109
Problems and Exercises 109
Chapter 5 Distance Measurement 113
§5.1 METHODS OF DISTANCE DETERMINATION 113
5.1.1 Pacing 113
5.1.2 Odometer 114
5.1.3 Tachometry 114
5.1.4 Subtense Bar 115
5.1.5 Taping 115
5.1.6 EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) 116
§5.2 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT BY STEEL TAPING 116
5.2.1 Taping Equipment and Accessories 117
5.2.2 Maintenance of Tapes and Other Accessories 119
5.2.3 Taping on Level Ground 119
5.2.4 Horizontal Measurements on Sloping Ground 121
5.2.5 Slope Measurements 122
§5.3 TAPES VERIFYING AND ERRORS IN TAPING 123
5.3.1 Length Correct 123
5.3.2 Temperature Correct 124
5.3.3 Tension Inconsistent 124
5.3.4 Tape Sag 125
5.3.5 Tape Sloping 125
5.3.6 Tape off Line 126
5.3.7 Improper Plumbing 126
5.3.8 Faulty Marking 126
5.3.9 Incorrect Reading or Interpolation 126
5.3.10 Equation of Taping Length and Tape Verifying 126
§5.4 PRINCIPLES & METHOD OF STADIA RANGING 129
5.4.1 Concept for Stadia 129
5.4.2 Principle and Formulas of Stadia Measurement 129
§5.5 ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS 132
5.5.1 General Background 132
5.5.2 Principle of EDM 133
5.5.3 Measurements with EDM instruments 135
5.5.4 Errors Sources in EDM 136
5.5.5 Reductions 137
§5.6 TOTAL STATIONS 137
5.6.1 General background to Total Station Instruments 137
5.6.2 Survey System with Total Stations 138
5.6.3 General Survey Methods 139
5.6.4 Using Total Stations 140
5.6.5 Miscellaneous Useful Screens, Commands, and Keys 142
Problems and Exercises 143
Chapter 6 Theory of Errors and Survey Adjustment 145
§6.1 INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY ERRORS 145
6.1.1 Measurement Errors 145
6.1.2 Sources of Errors in Observation 147
6.1.3 Classifications of Errors 147
6.1.4 Some Definitions 148
6.1.5 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors 149
6.1.6 Probability 150
6.1.7 The Most Probable Value 150
6.1.8 Residuals/Corrections 151
§6.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RANDOM ERRORS 152
6.2.1 Occurrence of Random Error 152
6.2.2 General Laws of Probability 153
§6.3 MEASURES OF PRECISION 155
6.3.1 Mean Square Error 155
6.3.2 Relative Errors 157
6.3.3 Allowable Error 158
§6.4 LAW OF ERROR PROPAGATION 158
6.4.1 Error of a Sum 159
6.4.2 Error of a Series 159
6.4.3 Error in a Product 160
6.4.4 Error of the Mean 161
§6.5 DIRECT ADJUSTMENT FOR EQUAL-PRECISION OBSERVATIONS 162
6.5.1 Background of Survey Adjustment 162
6.5.2 Least Squares Method 163
6.5.3 Arithmetic Mean 165
6.5.4 Estimation of Precisions of Arithmetic Mean 165
§6.6 DIRECT ADJUSTMENT FOR UNEQUAL-PRECISION OBSERVATIONS 168
6.6.1 Conditional Adjustment of Observation 168
6.6.2 Weight of Observation 168
6.6.3 Least Squares Adjustment 169
6.6.4 Weighted Arithmetic Mean 170
6.6.5 Functions of Weight 171
6.6.6 Unit Weight 172
6.6.7 Weight Computations 172
6.6.8 Law of Weight Reciprocal Propagation 174
6.6.9 Precision Estimation 175
Problems and Exercises 179
Chapter 7 Control Survey for Small Areas 185
§7.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SURVEY 185
7.1.1 Plane Control Survey 185
7.1.2 Vertical Control Survey 187
7.1.3 Control Survey over Minor Area 188
§7.2 FIELD WORK IN TRAVERSING 189
7.2.1 Classification of Traverses 189
7.2.2 Field Work in Traversing 191
7.2.3 Method of Tree-tripods 192
§7.3 OFFICE WORK IN TRAVERSING 193
7.3.1 Departure and Latitude from Planar Coordinates 194
7.3.2 Checking and Reducing Angles and Distances 195
7.3.3 Adjusting?Angles 195
7.3.4 Adjusting?Coordinates 198
§7.4 TRIANGULATION 201
7.4.1 Survey Methods Using Triangles 201
7.4.2 Patterns of Triangulation 202
7.4.3 Tasks of Triangulation 203
7.4.4 Survey Procedures 203
7.4.5 Triangulation Computations 204
§7.5 INTERSECTION 205
7.5.1 Patterns of Intersection 206
7.5.2 Intersection Computations 207
§7.6 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM 208
7.6.1 Principles of GPS 209
7.6.2 The Configuration of GPS Satellite System 209
7.6.3 Methods 210
7.6.4 Positioning Techniques 212
7.6.5 Sources of GPS Signal Errors 214
7.6.6 Smart-Stations 215
Problems and Exercises 216
Chapter 8 Topographical Mapping with Large Scales 219
§8.1 INTRODUCTION TO MAP MAKING 219
8.1.1 Topographic Maps 219
8.1.2 Methods for Topographical Surveying 220
8.1.3 Mapping Control Surveys 220
8.1.4 Requirements for Topographic Survey 221
§8.2 FEATURES DRAWING ON MAPS 223
8.2.1 Topographic Maps and Thematic Maps 223
8.2.2 Topographic Drawing 223
8.2.3 Map Symbology 224
8.2.4 Plans 225
§8.3 FIELD WORK OF MAPPING 225
8.3.1 Location of Contours 225
8.3.2 Methods of Obtaining Topography 226
8.3.3 Specifications and Error Analysis in Topographic Surveys 227
§8.4 GRAPHIC MAPPING USING PLANE-TABLE 228
8.4.1 Introduction to Graphic Mapping 228
8.4.2 Plane-table 229
8.4.3 Setup a Plane-table 230
8.4.4 Locating Details by a Plane-table 230
§8.5 DIGITAL MAPPING USING TOTAL STATIONS 231
8.5.1 Introduction 231
8.5.2 Procedures on a Station 233
8.5.3 Setting-Up a Backsight 233
8.5.4 Azimuth Mark 234
8.5.5 Measurement 234
8.5.6 Radial Shooting 235
8.5.7 Outcrop Mapping 236
8.5.8 Traverse 236
8.5.9 Data Retrieval and Arrangement 237
Problems and Exercises 238
Chapter 9 Application of Topographic Maps 239
§9.1 GENERAL APPLICATIONS 239
9.1.1 Determining the Elevation of a Point 239
9.1.2 Determining the Rectangular Coordinates of any Point 240
9.1.3 Determining the Azimuth and the Horizontal Distance of a Line Segment 241
§9.2 AREA MEASUREMENT ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS 242
9.2.1 Area Measured by Planimeter 242
9.2.2 Area Measured by Coordinates 244
9.2.3 Area Measured by Irregular Figures 245
§9.3 APPLICATION OF MAPS IN CONSRUCTION 247
9.3.1 Topographic Profiles 247
9.3.2 Determining the Catchment Area 248
9.3.3 Determining the Shortcut Path According to a Specific Gradient 248
9.3.4 Volumes from Contour Lines 249
Problems and Exercises 251
Appendix A 《測繪學基礎》知識要點與習題答案 253
Appendix B Vocabulary in Geomatics 295
References 303
