C++ Reference

C++ Reference是指一個對象（object），可以用來間接指向另一個對象。一個reference的聲明與指針的聲明的實質語法結構是相同的。不同的是，聲明指針（pointer）的時候使用星號操作符 * ， 而聲明reference的時候使用地址操作符 & 。

標準庫簡介

The standard C++ library is a collection of functions, constants, classes, objects and templates that extends the C++ language providing basic functionality to perform several tasks, like classes to interact with the operating system, data containers, manipulators to operate with them and algorithms commonly needed.

The declarations of the different elements provided by the library are split in several headers that shall be included in the code in order to have access to its components:

algorithm	complex	exception	list	stack
bitset	csetjmp	fstream	locale	stdexcept
cassert	csignal	functional	map	strstream
cctype	cstdarg	iomanip	memory	streambuf
cerrno	cstddef	ios	new	string
cfloat	cstdio	iosfwd	numeric	typeinfo
ciso646	cstdlib	iostream	ostream	utility
climits	cstring	istream	queue	valarray
clocale	ctime	iterator	set	vector
cmath	deque	limits	sstream

It can be divided into:

庫

The elements of the C language library are also included as a subset of the C++ Standard library. These cover many aspects, from general utility functions and macros to input/output functions and dynamic memory management functions:

cassert	C Diagnostics Library (header)
cctype	Character handling functions (header)
cerrno	C Errors (header)
cfloat	Characteristics of floating-point types (header)
ciso646	ISO 646 Alternative operator spellings (header)
climits	Sizes of integral types (header)
clocale	C localization library (header)
cmath	C numerics library (header)
csetjmp	Non local jumps (header)
csignal	C library to handle signals (header)
cstdarg	Variable arguments handling (header)
cstddef	C Standard definitions (header)
cstdio	C library to perform Input/Output operations (header)
cstdlib	C Standard General Utilities Library (header)
cstring	C Strings (header)
ctime	C Time Library (header)

標準程式庫

雜項庫

Language support library

limits	Numeric limits (header)
new	Dynamic memory (header)
typeinfo	Type information (header)
exception	Standard exception class (class)

Diagnostics library

stdexcept

Exception classes (header)

General utilities library

utility	Utility components (header)
functional	Function objects (header)
memory	Memory elements (header)

Strings library

string

C++ Strings library (library)

Localization library

locale

Localization library (header)

標準模板庫

Containers library

vector	Vector (class template)
list	List (class template)
deque	Double ended queue (class template)
queue	FIFO queue (class template)
priority_queue	Priority queue (class template)
stack	LIFO stack (class template)
map	Map (class template)
multimap	Multiple-key map (class template)
set	Set (class template)
multiset	Multiple-key set (class template)
bitset	Bitset (class template)

Iterators library

iterator

Iterator definitions (header)

Algorithms library

algorithm

Standard Template Library: Algorithms (library)

Numeric library

complex	Complex numbers library (header)
valarray	Library for arrays of numeric values (header)
numeric	Generalized numeric operations (header)

輸入輸出流庫

Provides functionality to use an abstraction called streams specially designed to perform input and output operations on sequences of character, like files or strings.

This functionality is provided through several related classes, as shown in the following relationship map, with the corresponding header file names on top:

Input/Output Stream Library

For more info see the reference page for the C++ Input/Output Library.