Biological climate diagram is the relationship between famous ecologist dansereau (1951) schimper and von Faber divided 15 World vegetation types and climate types, drawing an inverted triangle diagram. The three corners of the diagram show the combination of different water and heat conditions, the upper left corner is extremely hot and dry, the upper right corner is extremely hot and humid, and the lower of the extreme cold is the lower. The 15 vegetation types were placed in the corresponding position of the triangle in their distribution according to their distribution of water and heat condition.
氣候,圖例,統計圖,
氣候
diagrams are brief summaries of average climatic variables and their time course.氣候圖解
They have proven useful for a wide range of sciences, industry, and teaching. In bio- and geosciences, they are used as an instrument to show the relationships between soil, vegetation, and climate. In agronomic sciences, they are used to indicate the range for certain crops. They are useful for planning and design. They indicate optimal travel schedules for the tourist industries.
The diagrams display monthly averages for temperature and precipitation over a year. Each tic mark along the horizontal line (abscissa) indicates a month. The diagrams start with January in the left corner of the diagram for the northern hemisphere and with July for the southern hemisphere respectively. Thus, the astronomic summer is always shown in the middle of the diagram. 20 mm of monthly precipitation (right ordinate) equal 10°C average temperature (left ordinate). When the precipitation curve undercuts the temperature curve, the area in between them is dotted (every 2 mm) indicating dry season. When the precipitation curve supercedes the temperature curve, vertical lines are plotted for each month (with tic marks every 2 mm) indicating moist season. A very important ecological variable is frost. The diagram shows daily average minimum temperatures below zero in black bars below the horizontal line.氣候圖解1
圖例
All diagrams are designed in a uniform pattern, illustrated by the following sample:
1 Country name, station location and elevation, station name2 Period of observation of temperature (77 years) and precipitation (55 years) 3 Annual average of temperature and annual precipitation sum 4 (red) Temperature curve 5 (blue) Precipitation time series 6 Indication of frost periods 7 Mean daily max. temperature of the warmest month 8 Mean daily min. temperature of the coldest month
The climate diagram world atlas compiled by Walter and Lieth (1957-1966) has been in use by geographers, phytosociologists, agronomists, and foresters. The original atlas was published in three large editions and has been sold out for over 20 years. Along with the development of computer capacities in the scientific laboratories, first attempts to construct diagrams through computer routines were undertaken by Ostendorf et al. (1981, 1982). The further step towards that goal was taken by H. Lieth and S. Riediger, the result of which was published in Lieth (1998). The Global Historical Climatology Network version 2 temperature database was released in May 1997 by the National Climatic Data Center (Peterson 1997). The data of 3,400 stations were used for the diagrams available in the CD-Series: Climate and Biosphere, 1999, H. Lieth, ISSN 0936-3120, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, ISBN 90.5782.031.5. These diagrams are used in ZooLex.
The following examples will help you read the diagrams. They are from Walter Heinrich and Lieth Helmut, Klimadiagram-Weltatlas, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1967:
統計圖
A cartogram was made by Walter and Lieth separating regions with similar climate. The pricipal climatic types of the world are given below. The climate diagrams look similar for each of the climatic types.
Climatic Types and Examples:
Typical Climate Diagrams:
I
equatorial, humid Andagoya in Colombia Lomie in Camerun Cairns in Australia
II
tropical, summer rains Parana in Brazil Johannesburg in South Africa Darwin in Australia
III
subtropical, hot and arid Lima in Peru Swakopmund in Southwest Africa Kuwait
IV
mediterranean, winter rains Valparaiso in Chile Capetown in South Africa Lisboa in Portugal
V
warm-temperate, humid Montevideao in Uruguay East London in South Africa Rize in Northern Anatolia
VI
humid, with cold seasons Kristiansand in Norway Puerto Aisen in Chile Topeka in the United States
VII
arid, with cold seasons Turkestan in Central Asia Sarmiento in Argentina Ely in the United States
VIII
boreal Olekminsk in Siberia Moscow in Central Russia Stockholm in Sweden
IX
arctic Karskije Vorota in Northern Russia Mehamn in Norway Ushuaia in Argentina
X
mountain areas in other regions Nuwara Eliya in Ceylon Cedres in Libanon Ollague in Chile
氣候圖解
氣候圖解1