歐盟共同外交與安全政策(CFSP)機製作為高級政治領域的合作機制，在歐洲政治一體化建設中肩負著重要的責任，其效力對歐盟作為國際行為體的角色至關重要。筆者從CFSP機制的適應能力、內部運作能力、外部行動能力、強制力、整合與承壓力等五個方面評估了CFSP機制的效力，解答了CFSP政策存在“期待一能力的落差”的原因。
基本介紹
- 中文名：歐盟共同外交與安全政策機制效力研究
- 外文名：Study on the effect of common foreign and security policy of the EU
- 簡稱：CFSP
- 隸屬：歐盟
中文摘要,關鍵字,外文摘要,Key words,
中文摘要
歐盟共同外交與安全政策(CFSP)機製作為高級政治領域的合作機制，在歐洲政治一體化建設中肩負著重要的責任，其效力對歐盟作為國際行為體的角色至關重要。筆者從CFSP機制的適應能力、內部運作能力、外部行動能力、強制力、整合與承壓力等五個方面評估了CFSP機制的效力，解答了CFSP政策存在“期待一能力的落差”的原因。
CFSP機制從時空變遷的動態角度來看具有一定的適應能力。在其誕生和發展歷經的政府間論壇、跨政府信息分享、合作規範創造、組織化、治理以及調試等6個階段中，表現出一定彈性，能通過改革，為實現各階段政策目標和歷史責任發揮作用，不...>> 詳細
CFSP機制從時空變遷的動態角度來看具有一定的適應能力。在其誕生和發展歷經的政府間論壇、跨政府信息分享、合作規範創造、組織化、治理以及調試等6個階段中，表現出一定彈性，能通過改革，為實現各階段政策目標和歷史責任發揮作用，不...>> 詳細
歐盟共同外交與安全政策(CFSP)機製作為高級政治領域的合作機制，在歐洲政治一體化建設中肩負著重要的責任，其效力對歐盟作為國際行為體的角色至關重要。筆者從CFSP機制的適應能力、內部運作能力、外部行動能力、強制力、整合與承壓力等五個方面評估了CFSP機制的效力，解答了CFSP政策存在“期待一能力的落差”的原因。
CFSP機制從時空變遷的動態角度來看具有一定的適應能力。在其誕生和發展歷經的政府間論壇、跨政府信息分享、合作規範創造、組織化、治理以及調試等6個階段中，表現出一定彈性，能通過改革，為實現各階段政策目標和歷史責任發揮作用，不至於由於無法適應環境的變化或背離政策目標的初衷衰退或消亡。但機制變遷實踐中產生的如政府間主義在超國家主義進程中的反彈、新老機構協調不力等消極因素，影響了機制改革的成果。
CFSP機制的內部運作能力不足，其機構與決策程式存在著設計與實施的困境。CFSP機構職能健全，能夠為CFSP的內部運作提供基本硬體。在具體實施中，CFSP決策機構和程式均呈現出典型的政府間主義性質。CFSP機制表面上遵循分權與制衡，實際上政府間主義至上的機構職權分配、各支柱間的水平一致問題、內部機構職能模糊與重疊以及決策程式低效，導致其需要展示整體形象並統一行動時表現得無力和低效。
CFSP機制的外部行動能力較弱，其行動工具存在“硬力量”與“軟力量”失衡問題。 CFSP機制工具種類基本健全，能夠維持CFSP機制的運轉，保證歐盟在地區和國際政治安全舞台上開展行動。但上述工具手段發展程度並不一致。CFSP機制下的工具建設使歐盟顯示出的“軟力量”大於“硬力量”。軍事、財政等“硬力量”的明顯不足將影響歐盟的“軟力量”，使CFSP機制運行缺乏強有力的後盾，機制效力也大打折扣。
CFSP機制缺乏強制力，無法對成員國進行有效約束。CFSP機制在增強成員國對CFSP政策的認識程度、支持力度以及參與幅度上發揮了一定協調作用，但無法保證成員國在行動上保持一致。CFSP機制強制力明顯不足，對違反規則的參與者的懲戒作用極弱，無法保證在運作中不受少數參與者的干擾，影響了CFSP政策的施行。
CFSP機制在與西歐聯盟、北約等類似安全機制的關係中，表現出有限的整合和承壓力， CFSP機制對西歐聯盟機制的整合對增強其行動能力起到一定作用，但這種整合能力是有局限性的。CFSP機制對北約機制的承壓性較弱，也影響了機制的效力。
總體看，CFSP機制設計理念良好，架構完備，且具備一定適應能力，但其內部運作能力、外部行動能力、強制力和承壓力明顯不足，其實際效力遠未達到機制設計者和運作者們的預期。CFSP機制在未來仍將延續政府間主義性質，在實踐的磨合與調試中改善實際功能將是其走出共同決策困境切實可行的途徑。雖然CFSP機制改革無法超越政府間主義，直接推動CFSP邁向一體化，但機制化變遷產生的副產品，即介於超國家主義和政府間主義之間的“布魯塞爾化”，潛移默化地對歐盟共同外交與安全一體化進程起著推動作用，成為歐洲政治合作的“第三條道路”。
CFSP機制從時空變遷的動態角度來看具有一定的適應能力。在其誕生和發展歷經的政府間論壇、跨政府信息分享、合作規範創造、組織化、治理以及調試等6個階段中，表現出一定彈性，能通過改革，為實現各階段政策目標和歷史責任發揮作用，不至於由於無法適應環境的變化或背離政策目標的初衷衰退或消亡。但機制變遷實踐中產生的如政府間主義在超國家主義進程中的反彈、新老機構協調不力等消極因素，影響了機制改革的成果。
CFSP機制的內部運作能力不足，其機構與決策程式存在著設計與實施的困境。CFSP機構職能健全，能夠為CFSP的內部運作提供基本硬體。在具體實施中，CFSP決策機構和程式均呈現出典型的政府間主義性質。CFSP機制表面上遵循分權與制衡，實際上政府間主義至上的機構職權分配、各支柱間的水平一致問題、內部機構職能模糊與重疊以及決策程式低效，導致其需要展示整體形象並統一行動時表現得無力和低效。
CFSP機制的外部行動能力較弱，其行動工具存在“硬力量”與“軟力量”失衡問題。 CFSP機制工具種類基本健全，能夠維持CFSP機制的運轉，保證歐盟在地區和國際政治安全舞台上開展行動。但上述工具手段發展程度並不一致。CFSP機制下的工具建設使歐盟顯示出的“軟力量”大於“硬力量”。軍事、財政等“硬力量”的明顯不足將影響歐盟的“軟力量”，使CFSP機制運行缺乏強有力的後盾，機制效力也大打折扣。
CFSP機制缺乏強制力，無法對成員國進行有效約束。CFSP機制在增強成員國對CFSP政策的認識程度、支持力度以及參與幅度上發揮了一定協調作用，但無法保證成員國在行動上保持一致。CFSP機制強制力明顯不足，對違反規則的參與者的懲戒作用極弱，無法保證在運作中不受少數參與者的干擾，影響了CFSP政策的施行。
CFSP機制在與西歐聯盟、北約等類似安全機制的關係中，表現出有限的整合和承壓力， CFSP機制對西歐聯盟機制的整合對增強其行動能力起到一定作用，但這種整合能力是有局限性的。CFSP機制對北約機制的承壓性較弱，也影響了機制的效力。
總體看，CFSP機制設計理念良好，架構完備，且具備一定適應能力，但其內部運作能力、外部行動能力、強制力和承壓力明顯不足，其實際效力遠未達到機制設計者和運作者們的預期。CFSP機制在未來仍將延續政府間主義性質，在實踐的磨合與調試中改善實際功能將是其走出共同決策困境切實可行的途徑。雖然CFSP機制改革無法超越政府間主義，直接推動CFSP邁向一體化，但機制化變遷產生的副產品，即介於超國家主義和政府間主義之間的“布魯塞爾化”，潛移默化地對歐盟共同外交與安全一體化進程起著推動作用，成為歐洲政治合作的“第三條道路”。
關鍵字
歐盟 共同外交與安全政策 機制 效力 布魯塞爾化
外文摘要
European Union''s (EU) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) regime is a cooperative regime in the high politics which shoulders important responsibility in EU''s political integration construction. Its efficacy is of crucial importance to EU''s role as an international actor. From the aspects of its adaptability, internal operative ability, external action ability, enforcement power and integration and pressure bearing ability, the author evaluated the efficacy of the CFSP regime, and exp...>> 詳細
European Union''s (EU) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) regime is a cooperative regime in the high politics which shoulders important responsibility in EU''s political integration construction. Its efficacy is of crucial importance to EU''s role as an international actor. From the aspects of its adaptability, internal operative ability, external action ability, enforcement power and integration and pressure bearing ability, the author evaluated the efficacy of the CFSP regime, and explained the reason for its "Capability-expectation''s Gap".
The European political cooperation (EPC) and CFSP regime have rather good adaptability from the dynamic perspective of time-changing, showing some flexibility at the six phases during their birth and development, which is intergovernmental forum, information-sharing, norms creation and codification, organization, governance, adjustment and modification. They are able to play a role to achieve policy objectives of each stage and shoulder historical responsibilities by reform. However, some negative factors such as the rebound of Intergovernmentalism, lack of coordination between new and old organizations during the process of emphasizing Supranationalism, affect the outcome of the regime''s reform.
The CFSP regime suffers a deficiency of internal operative ability and the predicament in design and execution of its organization and decision-making process. The CFSP''s organizations have sound and complete functions, which are the basic foundation for the internal operation of the CFSP. However, in actual execution, CFSP''s decision-making organization and process both show the character of typical Intergovernmentalism. The CFSP regime seemingly abides by the rule of decentralization and counterbalance. Nonetheless, in reality, it appears sluggish and inefficient at the very moment when it needs to show its integrity and give play to collective power. The reason lies in the division of rights and obligations among its organizations which highly honors Intergovernmentalism, the problem of imbalanced power of its pillars, the confusion and overlapping of the functions of its internal organizations, and the inefficiency of its decision-making process.
The external action ability of the CFSP regime is quite weak whose action instruments have the problem of the imbalance of "hard power" and "soft power". The CFSP regime processes fairly sound instrumental types, maintaining its operation and guaranteeing EU to take action on the regional and international security stage. The levels of development of the above instruments yet differ. The instrumental construction under the CFSP regime makes EU display greater "soft power" than "hard power". The obvious shortage of "hard power" e.g. military, finance and so on will influence EU''s "soft power", which causes the CFSP regime lack of powerfol backup force and discounts on its efficacy.
The CFSP regime lacks enforcement power. Consequently, it cannot exercise effective coordination and restriction on member countries. Although the regime plays certain coordinative role in strengthening the member countries'' understanding, support and participation of CFSP policies, it could not guarantee their certainty in political goals and conformity in actions. The enforcement power of the CFSP regime is obviously insufficient, and the disciplinary role towards the violators of regime rules among the participants is very weak, which fail to guarantee the operation against the interference of a small number of participants, and therefore affects the implementation of CFSP policy.
The CFSP regime displays limited integration and pressure bearing ability. The CFSP regime''s integration for the Western European Union improves the CFSP action ability to some degree, however, the capacity of the integration is rather limited. The EU CFSP regime shoulders weaker pressure bearing ability against the NATO regime, reducing its efficacy.
On the whole, the CFSP regime is well designed with a sound structure and certain adaptability. Its shortcomings are the obvious deficiency in internal operative ability, external action ability, enforcement power and pressure bearing ability. Hence, its actual efficacy is far from the expectation of its designer and operators. In the future, the CFSP regime will continue embodying the characters of Intergovernmentalism. Improving its actual functions through adjustment and modification is a feasible way for the regime to get rid of the predicament in common decision-making. The reform of CFSP regime may not go beyond Intergovernmentalism and drive the CFSP toward integration, but the byproduct of the reform—the Brusselisation under the Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism―will unobtrusively and imperceptibly drive forward the integration process of the EU''s common foreign and security policy, and become "the third way" in the EU''s political cooperation.
The European political cooperation (EPC) and CFSP regime have rather good adaptability from the dynamic perspective of time-changing, showing some flexibility at the six phases during their birth and development, which is intergovernmental forum, information-sharing, norms creation and codification, organization, governance, adjustment and modification. They are able to play a role to achieve policy objectives of each stage and shoulder historical responsibilities by reform. However, some negative factors such as the rebound of Intergovernmentalism, lack of coordination between new and old organizations during the process of emphasizing Supranationalism, affect the outcome of the regime''s reform.
The CFSP regime suffers a deficiency of internal operative ability and the predicament in design and execution of its organization and decision-making process. The CFSP''s organizations have sound and complete functions, which are the basic foundation for the internal operation of the CFSP. However, in actual execution, CFSP''s decision-making organization and process both show the character of typical Intergovernmentalism. The CFSP regime seemingly abides by the rule of decentralization and counterbalance. Nonetheless, in reality, it appears sluggish and inefficient at the very moment when it needs to show its integrity and give play to collective power. The reason lies in the division of rights and obligations among its organizations which highly honors Intergovernmentalism, the problem of imbalanced power of its pillars, the confusion and overlapping of the functions of its internal organizations, and the inefficiency of its decision-making process.
The external action ability of the CFSP regime is quite weak whose action instruments have the problem of the imbalance of "hard power" and "soft power". The CFSP regime processes fairly sound instrumental types, maintaining its operation and guaranteeing EU to take action on the regional and international security stage. The levels of development of the above instruments yet differ. The instrumental construction under the CFSP regime makes EU display greater "soft power" than "hard power". The obvious shortage of "hard power" e.g. military, finance and so on will influence EU''s "soft power", which causes the CFSP regime lack of powerfol backup force and discounts on its efficacy.
The CFSP regime lacks enforcement power. Consequently, it cannot exercise effective coordination and restriction on member countries. Although the regime plays certain coordinative role in strengthening the member countries'' understanding, support and participation of CFSP policies, it could not guarantee their certainty in political goals and conformity in actions. The enforcement power of the CFSP regime is obviously insufficient, and the disciplinary role towards the violators of regime rules among the participants is very weak, which fail to guarantee the operation against the interference of a small number of participants, and therefore affects the implementation of CFSP policy.
The CFSP regime displays limited integration and pressure bearing ability. The CFSP regime''s integration for the Western European Union improves the CFSP action ability to some degree, however, the capacity of the integration is rather limited. The EU CFSP regime shoulders weaker pressure bearing ability against the NATO regime, reducing its efficacy.
On the whole, the CFSP regime is well designed with a sound structure and certain adaptability. Its shortcomings are the obvious deficiency in internal operative ability, external action ability, enforcement power and pressure bearing ability. Hence, its actual efficacy is far from the expectation of its designer and operators. In the future, the CFSP regime will continue embodying the characters of Intergovernmentalism. Improving its actual functions through adjustment and modification is a feasible way for the regime to get rid of the predicament in common decision-making. The reform of CFSP regime may not go beyond Intergovernmentalism and drive the CFSP toward integration, but the byproduct of the reform—the Brusselisation under the Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism―will unobtrusively and imperceptibly drive forward the integration process of the EU''s common foreign and security policy, and become "the third way" in the EU''s political cooperation.
Key words
the European Union, Common Foreign and Security Policy, regime, efficacy, brusselisation
