小麥的遺傳解析和分子標記輔助育種

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Modeim biotechnologies， prevalent in nearly all aspects of crop breeding programs， have been developing so rapidly that one could anticipate new breakthroughs on a regular basis. The invention of polymerase chain reaction （PCR） in 1985 by Kary Mullis （USA）， for example， has allowed us to dissect various crops' quantitative trait loci （QTLs） at the level of a single gene. According to the statistics， more than 4200 genetic maps of various crops have been constructed by the end of 2012 using various molecular markers， many of which are SSR maps. These maps have made it possible to conduct the QTL mappings and efficacy analyses on traits associated with plant morphology， yield， quality， as well as stress resistance. Molecular markers developed by QTL mappings have been utilized in marker-assisted selections （MASs）， resulting in enhanced tracking efficiency of major effect genes and QTLs， thereby accelerating germplasm development and the speed of variety development. With the advent of these breeding trends， Peleman and Vander Vort （Belgium Academy of Sciences） proposed a novel breeding concept in 2003， know{i as "breeding by design" which will undoubtedly become a mainstream technology in crop genetic improvement and enhance the in-depth crop breeding significantly in the near future. However. wheat "molecular breeding" is currently at the conceptual phase. As an allohexaploid， the wheat genome is much larger than that of rice， corn， and many other crops. Adding to the challenges， the genome sequencmg is incomplete. The lack of progress in wheat molecular breeding is， in a similar fashion， due to the fact that most of the traits responsible for wheat yield， quality， and various others are controlled by multiple QTLs. Furt.hermore， some issues derived from MAS per se have yet to be resolved. This is evidenced by the fact that grain weight of a specific lineage containing large grain QTL gene is not necessarily high when selection of grain weight within the hybrid progenies is based on a single or a few QTL markers. This is especially true when selection is conducted within different selection populations with diverse genetic backgrounds， resulting in significant incertitude and perplexity for the application of MAS in wheat.

小麥的遺傳解析和分子標記輔助育種

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