國際反水庫運動

國際反水庫運動

國際反水庫運動,國際組織,主張堅持反對破壞性的水資源開發計畫,更積極主張較為永續、公平與有效的水資源科技和管理措施。而這種主動、科學與公義的態度往往為運動者與官僚機構之間的對話奠下良性的基礎,使得面對反水庫攻勢的水庫工業界與政府的態度也逐漸由反制、反抗轉變為反省與改革。

基本介紹

  • 中文名:國際反水庫運動
  • 主張:反對破壞性的水資源開發計畫
  • 口號:Water for life,not for death !
  • 國際反水庫日:每年三月十四日
簡介,國際反水庫日,Summary,Origin,批判,崛起,台灣的反水庫運動,運動前景,

簡介

Water for life,not for death !
14 March - International Day of Action Against Dams and for Rivers,Water and Life
為河流、水資源與生命而行動
——國際反水庫運動簡史

國際反水庫日

一九九七年三月,來自包括巴西、智利、賴索托、阿根廷、泰國、俄羅斯、法國、瑞士、美國、台灣等二十個國家及地區的代表在巴西東南的省城屈里替巴(Curitiba)集會,舉行「第一屆受水庫危害者國際會議(First International Meeting of People Affected by Dam)」。此會議的宗旨有二,一在於交流並總結各國反水庫運動的經驗與情勢分析,二在於建立與強化受水庫危害者之間的全球性網路。會議期間,三月十四日,巴西當地的環保團體針對日益危急的亞馬遜河水庫濫建問題,組織了「巴西反大型水壩行動日」,以遊行、民眾劇場、演說及演唱的方式表達巴西各地受水庫計畫威脅的弱勢社群所發出的憤怒之聲。會議最後一天,與會者共同發布「屈里替巴宣言(Declaration of Curitiba)」,除了批判國際水庫工業的盲點,匯整國際反水庫運動的訴求、成就與指導性原則外,並宣布每年三月十四日為國際反水庫日(宣言內容如附屬檔案)。
The International Day of Action Against Dams For Rivers,Water,and Life was inspired and mandated by the participants of the First International Meeting of People Affected by Dams that took place in March,1997 in Curitiba,Brazil. (Curitiba Declaration).
The co - founders of the mouvment are : MAB,IRN,India's Save the Narmada Movement (NBA),Chile's Biobío Action Group (GABB),and European Rivers Network (ERN).
Water for life,not for death !

Summary

Origin
Action and Information 2000 - today (Website IRN)
Pressrelease 2002 ERN format pdf (Day of action 2002,fr)
Actions 1999
Actions 1998
In remembrance of Fulgêncio Manoel da Silva
The International Anti-Dam Movement

Origin

The International Day of Action Against Dams: For Rivers,Water,and Life was inspired
and mandated by the participants of the First International Meeting of People Affected by Dams
that took place in March,1997 in Curitiba,Brazil. Representatives from twenty countries including
Taiwan,Brazil,Chile,Lesotho,Argentina,Thailand,Russia,France,Switzerland,and the United States
decided that the International Day of Action would fall on 14 March,Brazil's Day of Action Against
Large Dams. One of the goals for the Day of Action is to build and strengthen regional and international networks within the international anti-dam movement. The idea for the First International Meeting of People Affected by Dams originated during an annual meeting of Brazil's Movement of People Affected by Large Dams (MAB).
In September,1995 a preparatory meeting was held in Brazil and an international organizing committee was formed headed by MAB and including International Rivers Network (IRN),
India's Save the Narmada Movement (NBA),Chile's Biobío Action Group (GABB),and
European Rivers Network (ERN).
The First International Meeting of People Affected by Dams was a successful first step in building and strengthening a global network of the dam-affected. Many of the participants reported an end to their feelings of isolation in their regional fights against governments,lending agencies,and corporations,as well as a renewed strength that they could carry back to their communities. The International Day of Action Against Dams: For Rivers,Water,and Life is the next step in strengthening the international movement. Our aim is to raise our voices in unison against destructive water development projects,reclaim the health of our rivers and watersheds,and demand the equitable and sustainable management of our waterways. By acting together,we will demonstrate that these issues are not merely local,but global in scope.
In remembrance of Fulgêncio Manoel da Silva  (by IRN Internayional Rivers Neywork,San Francisco) Fulgêncio Manoel da Silva was murdered on 16 October,1997 in Santa Maria da Boa Vista in the backlands of Pernambuco state in northeast Brazil. Da Silva was a farmer,a poet,and a passionate fighter for dam-affected people. He was also the person responsible for the addition of the words "For Rivers,Water and Life" to the International Day of Action Against Dams. In an interview at the First International Meeting of People Affected by Dams,held in Curitiba,Brazil in March 1997,da Silva told IRN : My goal is that the world,not just Brazil,study ways to produce electricity without flooding lands,rivers,the environment; and without affecting the life of the people... We are supporting the proposal for an international day of struggle for the rivers,water,and life because we support life - of people,of animals,and the rivers and water.
Da Silva was one of 40,000 people forced to make way for the Itaparica Dam,built on the São Francisco River on the border of Pernambuco and Bahia states. Not long after he learned his family would lose their land,he met a family of beggars living under a bridge who had been displaced by a dam but were once farmers like him. It was this experience,he said,that moved him to organize the Itaparica families. Da Silva says there were many devastating impacts from the project. It halted agricultural production for seven years,and after that time,the production was not half of what is was before the dam. This has had a great impact on the area and the people. The native vegetation and crop trees such as bananas,coconut,oranges and mangoes were submerged,rotting along with the barrels of agrotoxins that weren't removed before inundation. The cultural effects of the dam have been devastating. According to da Silva,the customs and cultures of the people were drowned with the rivers and waterfalls. "I don't feel any dam has yet provided fair compensation for the affected people," he said. "Just compensation will never take place because the destruction of the environment,the destruction of the history of the people and of their lives,the history of where they were born and lived - there is not enough money in the world to pay for this." It is suspected that the killing of da Silva was ordered by drug traffickers operating in the resettlement communities. The Brazilian Movement of Dam-Affected People (MAB),blames his murder on the deplorable social conditions resulting from inadequate compensation for the dam oustees. "This," said MAB,"generated the conditions which led to this type of criminality,where families plant marijuana as a means of survival. Money from the World Bank never reached the small farmers,but instead was used to irrigate drug plantations." "Political action," said Aurelio Vianna of the Brazil Network on Multilateral Financial Institutions,"was not merely an ideological question for Fulgêncio,but a question of honor." In one of his poems,Fulgêncio wrote "The river is our life-water. What we do with it affects the life of the people,the life of the animals,the life of the river,and the life of the waters. This is true for the world,not just for Brazil." His work has not been in vain. On 14 March,for the International Day of Action Against Dams and FOR RⅣERS,WATER,AND LIFE,we hold his spirit and his beliefs in a place of honor in our actions and in our hearts
The International Anti-Dam Movement
Excerpted from Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams by Patrick McCully.
Zed Books,London,1996.
We Will Not Move: The International Anti-Dam Movement Koi nahi hatega,bandh nahi banega (No one will move,the dam will not be built) Doobenge par hatenge nahin (We will drown but we will not move) Slogans of the Narmada Bachao Andolan
The decade since the mid-1980s has seen the emergence of an international movement against current dam-building practices. The movement is comprised of thousands of environmental,human rights,and social activist groups on all the world's continents except Antarctica. It coalesced from a multitude of local,regional and national anti-dam campaigns and a smaller number of support groups working at an international level. Dam builders recognize and bemoan its effectiveness. ICOLD President Wolfgang Pircher warned the British Dam Society in 1992 that the industry faced 'a serious general counter-movement that has already succeeded in reducing the prestige of dam engineering in the public eye,and it is starting to make work difficult for our profession.' The earliest successful anti-dam campaigns were mostly led by conservationists trying to preserve wilderness areas. Until recently,resistance from those directly impacted by dams was usually defeated.
Since the 1970s,however,directly affected people have gained the power to stop dams,mostly because they have built alliances with sympathetic outsiders - environmentalists,human rights and democracy activists,peasants' and indigenous peoples' organizations,fishers and recreationists. The rise of environmentalism has greatly helped the opponents of dams - and anti-dam campaigns have in many countries played an important role in the growth of national environmental movements. Other factors contributing to the emergence of the international movement have been the overthrow of authoritarian regimes and the spread of modern communication technologies.
Dam opponents are not just 'antis',but are advocates for what they see as more sustainable,equitable and efficient technologies and management practices. Political changes which would best encourage the preservation or adoption of these technologies and practices have been a central demand of many anti-dam campaigns. Struggles that have started with the aim of improving resettlement terms or of stopping an individual dam have matured into movements advocating an entirely different model of political and economic development. That decision making be transparent and democratic is now seen by many dam opponents as being as important as the decisions themselves. The clearest illustration of the wider political importance of anti-dam movements is the crucial role that dam struggles played in the pro-democracy movements of the 1980s in Eastern Europe and South America... Activists working at the local,national and international levels have together managed to seriously tarnish the lure of large dams as icons of progress and plenty.
To many people,large dams have instead become symbols of the destruction of the natural world and of the corruption and arrogance of over-powerful and secretive corporations,bureaucracies and governments. Although hundreds of large dams are still under construction and many more are on the engineers' drawing boards,aid funds and other public sector sources of financing are drying up,and public protests are provoked by just about every large dam that is now proposed in a democratic country. The international dam industry appears to be entering a recession from which it may never escape.

批判

大型水庫的政治經濟批判
大型水庫的龐聳規模,其所帶來的偉大政經利益,以及它們似乎將頑強善變的自然界馴服於人類意志之下的能力,使得大型水庫在人類的想像世界中占有一席尊榮的位置。比起其它的科技,大型水庫也許更適於象徵人類文明從昧於自然與迷信到科學與理性終能主宰一切的「躍進」。水壩工業崛起近百年來,大型水壩差不多已成為現代化、都市化與工業化的連環扣里,最牢不可破的內容與象徵。在第二次世界大戰結束後的第三世界獨立風潮里,大型水壩更是民族主義與建國意志的偉大表現,印度獨立後的第一任總理尼赫魯就曾說水庫是「他所崇拜的印度新廟堂」。
因此,儘管對社會、環境及經濟造成的災難不斷,儘管有許多滿足能源需求及經營水與土地資源的方法,大型水庫仍繼續被規劃興建。水庫的決策、推動及興建等過程通常是秘而不宣,同時水庫的受害者也鮮少有能力使水庫工業集團向大眾說明他們的行為並為之負責,因為這些受害者要不是山區的原住民,便是靠河為生的小農與漁民,不管在哪個國家,他們在政治上、經濟上與社會上都是弱勢者。水庫的築成使得強勢的菁英掌握了水的流向,壯大其利益,並藉以剝奪原使用者利用河川資源的部分或全部機會。
在世界各地指導過不少水庫計畫的加州理工學院史庫得教授,見證過許多水庫的惡質性影響後,沉重地反省道:愈來愈刺痛人心且清楚的事實是,統治菁英之所以有系統地開發河域,乃藉以將資源移轉給他們及他們的支持者,甚至藉以遂其自利的政治目地。付出代價的是河域內的人口,地區性或全國性的弱勢族群、教派、以及反對團體。
絕大多數的大型水庫由國家機構投資興建,而水庫貧弱的經濟表現毫無例外地被巨額的政府補貼所摭掩。全世界每年大約有二百億美元耗費在水庫上,但水庫的表現是否真有如政治菁英及科技官僚預先畫出的榮景,絕少有誠懇而廣泛的評估,因水庫工程而付出的環境損失與社會代價通常都在統治集團的強力壓制或要求「全民識大體」的呼籲下,或被漠視,或被忽略,或根本不被列入成本的計算中。
世界銀行在全球水庫工業扮演的關鍵性作用,自一九四八年成立以來,它提供了逾五百億美元(九二年幣值)的貸款予九十二個國家,興建了五百座以上的大型水壩,數千萬人因而流離失所。世界銀行領軍半個世紀的世界水庫工業不僅造成全球性的生態浩劫,其所貸出的巨額資金、第三世界買辦官僚階級的腐敗貪污以及水庫興建過程所導致的「破壞性發展」,更是深化了第三世界的嚴重外債問題,並激化了內部的政治與社會矛盾。無怪乎愈來愈多的第三世界反水庫者痛聲疾呼:世界銀行等於外債與毀滅。一九九四年六月由國際反水庫團體聯署的馬尼貝里宣言(Manibeli Declaration)就指出,世界銀行優先貸款的大型水庫供電予跨國工業與都市菁英,供水給出口導向的農業,忽略了鄉村窮民與其它弱勢社群的迫切需求。

崛起

反水庫運動成功的最早例子大部份是由屬於有錢、有閒、有勢並嗜好自然美感的貴族或資產階級荒野保護者所領導;他們是國家公園最早的催生者。一九五〇年代,美國內政部計畫在科羅拉多河最大支流綠河(Green River)上游,興建一座一七五公尺發電用的高壩;高壩位於科羅拉多大峽谷內的回聲谷公園(Echo Park)。荒野協會(Wilderness Society)及山嶽俱樂部(Sierra Club)的成員擔心,這個計畫不僅將淹沒回聲谷公園內的峽谷美景,甚至將誘發出更多的水壩計畫,淹沒更多的公園保護區。荒野協會與山嶽俱樂部結合眾多戶外休閒與保護團體,對國會發動遊說攻勢。一九五六年,在西部國會議員的主導下,回聲谷公園的高壩計畫遭到否決。
儘管這批保護者被美國西部擁護水庫利益的政客與報紙形容為「長發龐克」或「令人討厭的自然愛好者」,他們卻不願意被認為是任何水資源開發計畫的激進反對者;他們只是意圖把水庫趕出公園保護區,至於建在其它的什麼地方,他們沒意見。就較為全觀的環保觀點來看,回聲谷公園的反水庫運動有其局限性。但就美國水庫工業史的角度來看,它至少終結了水庫興建者予取予求的年代。
由水庫衝擊地區的人民所發動的反抗運動通常都難逃失敗的宿命,這與他們社會位置與力量的低弱不無關係。受水庫衝擊人民的宿命一直要到一九七〇年代以後,在環保運動的聲浪中,當他們與環保運動者,人權與民主倡議者,農民、漁民及原住民的組織廣泛地結盟後,才被破解。在八〇年代的東歐與南美洲,反水庫運動在要求權威政府民主化的運動中往往起著關鍵性的作用。在東歐,最有名的例子發生於匈牙利。一九八八年十一月,四萬人走上布達佩斯街頭,要求匈牙利政府停止旦奴比河(Danube)上的水庫計畫。這場運動傕化了更大規模的民主化運動,推翻了匈牙利的極權政府。
巴西是南美洲反水庫運動的典範。一九七〇年代末,巴西的反水庫運動結合了工會運動、農民運動與原住民自決運動,對當時的巴西軍政府構成了強大的威脅。最受世人注目的反水庫運動由亞馬遜河的原住民發起。一九八九年二月,來自二十個卡雅布(Kayapo)部落的千餘名代表全副武器,在酋長帕雅乾(Paulinho Paiakan)及芝加哥大學人類學家布賽(Darrel Posey)的組織下,參加辛古河流域水力計畫(Xingu River Basin Hydroelectric Project)當局所舉辦的補償說明會。卡雅布族人不再相信任何補償計畫,因為辛古河計畫部份已完成的水庫已使他們瀕臨滅族:生產各種食物的大片森林遭淹歿;被止住的河水長時間浸泡森林豐富的有機物後變成毒水,死亡的族人不知其數。在會場上卡雅布族人齊聲高喊:「你是騙子!我們不需要電力,電力不會給我們食物,我們需要的是河水自由自在地流動!我們不要你的水庫!」
雖然自七〇年代末八〇年代初以來,全世界出現了漸成氣候的反水庫風潮,但國際性的反水庫組織一直到八〇年代中才成形。一九八四年哥德史密斯與希爾德亞爾德(Goldsmith and Hildyard)出版「大型水壩的社會與環境效應 (The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams)」,分析、批判與總結了大型水壩在各個面向造成的危害,文中並為關懷水資源議題的西方活躍份子提出了行動指引:要說服第三世界政府放棄水資源開發計畫……是非常困難的。雖然如此,當地的環境團體必須盡一切努力,必要時可在壩址採取非暴力行動。我們西方人頂多能針對贊助國政府、開發銀行及國際機構進行系統性的遊說工作,斷絕開發計畫的國外資金來源。
一九八五年,一群活躍於美國加州水資源論壇的科學家與水利、土木工程師集會討論世界水資源現況。他們認為,他們在加州所對抗的錯誤水資源政策正在世界各地被相同的機制如法炮製。雖然世界上有一些團體在對抗荒謬的水資源政策,但卻缺乏來自國際的支持。因此,他們成立「國際河流組織(International Rivers Network),簡稱IRN」,以國際連結為反水庫運動的當務之急。一九八八年,他們邀集二十餘位活躍於世界各地反水庫運動的人士,討論各國反水庫運動的情況,並確定IRN的三項行動綱領。一,提供各國反水庫運動有關水庫及水利設施的慘痛教訓。二,追蹤大型跨國水利計畫的資金動向,尤其是世界銀行的角色,因為它是世界水庫工業的最大資金來源。三,提供實質的支持予特定的運動,項目包括專業知識、宣傳及協調。基於對美國帝國主義行徑的深刻批判與反省,以美國科學家為骨幹的IRN並不想讓自己成為國際反水庫運動的「總部」,其組織原則強調與個別國家的團體之間的平等合作關係。
九〇年代起,IRN與加拿大的國際探索組織(Probe International)、挪威的國際水資源與森林研究協會(Association for International Water and Forest Studies)、日本的地球之友(Friends of the Earth)、荷蘭的兼顧組織(Both Ends)、瑞士的伯恩宣言組織(Berne Declaration)、德國的厄吉華德組織(Urgewald)、澳洲的援助觀察組織(AidWatch)、英國的經濟學人(The Ecologist)及美國的環境保衛基金(Environmental Defense Fund)協調合作,配合在第一線鬥爭的反水庫組織,針對世界銀行所資助的大型水庫計畫,要者如巴西的辛谷壩、泰國的南瓊壩、印尼的肯東歐布壩、尼泊爾的亞農三世壩,進行調查與批判,成功地勸退了許多大型水庫的國際資金來源。
國際反水庫運動最成功的例子是印度納瑪達河谷計畫所激起的拯救納瑪達河(Narmada River)行動。納瑪達河谷計畫是人類有史以來最龐大的水利綜合開發計畫,印度政府向世界銀行貸款,計畫以二百億美元在印度西部第一大河納瑪達河流域興建千座以上的水庫及數十座電廠。計畫中還包括一條全世界最大的人工運河:七百五十公尺寬,四百五十公里長。這個計畫完成後將有超過一千萬人口的生計受到結構性的影響,光是它在納瑪達河下游的主壩撒多撒羅瓦壩(Sardar Sarovar Dam)就得使二十萬六千人口遷移,因此受到最猛烈的反對,華盛頓郵報形容此壩為「環境、政治及文化劫難的全球性象徵」。
一九九一年底,在梅哈帕卡(Medha Patkar)女士的領導下,歷經無數次的說明會、遊行與誓死的抗議,與國際組織的協力奔走,世界銀行終於屈服於強大的國際輿論壓力,任命一個獨立調查小組,重新評估撒多撒羅瓦壩計畫。九二年六月獨立小組發布長達三百九十二頁的調查報告,嚴厲批判這項計畫「充滿缺陷」:受害戶的遷移與更生目標不可能實現,預估效益也不切實際。一九九三年三月世界銀行宣布取消貸款予印度政府。
在勝利的鼓舞下,一九九四年九月,適逢世界銀行五十周年慶,國際反水庫組織者在最靠近撒多撒羅瓦壩址的馬尼貝里村(Manibeli)集會,發表深具歷史意義的馬尼貝里宣言(Manibeli Declaration)。這項宣言由IRN與印度反水庫組織者起草,並由超過兩千個以上的國際組織聯署背書,針對世界銀行對全球生態與基層社區所造成的浩劫進行批判,並要求世界銀行從根改造其資助行為。

台灣的反水庫運動

雖然戰後台灣的國民黨政府以極高的速度與密度,在西部內山地帶興建了近三十座大型水庫(依國際認定,蓄水量超過一百萬立方公尺即可稱為大型水庫),台灣第一個有運動與組織意義的反水庫行動遲至九〇年代初才出現。一九九二年十二月,在美濃地方人士與鎮公所的強烈要求下,經濟部水資源統一規劃委員會(現已與水利司合併為水資源局)南下出席「美濃水庫公聽會」。美濃人立刻被水庫的巨大規模(一四七公尺高八百公尺寬)及其與主要聚落的超近距離(一點五公里)所驚駭住。在保鄉衛土的危機感與使命感的催迫下及客家意識的凝聚下,他們成立了台灣第一個反水庫組織「美濃愛鄉協進會」。通過有效的動員與國會遊說下,立法院在九三及九四連續兩年刪除了美濃水庫的工程預算,僅保留替代方案研究經費。
以八〇年代中期的「自力救濟」環保抗爭運動為基礎,美濃反水庫運動的發展有一點值得我們注意:它既有超地域的連結又有社區生根的企圖。九三年中之後,美濃的反水庫組織者積極串連瑪家、瑞峰及茂林等水庫計畫預定地的受影響居民,並與台南縣「濱南工業區(美濃水庫的供水對象)」的受影響居民及屏東縣北部受美濃水庫影響農業用水的農民連結,合力對抗政府為新興高污染工業區準備的水資源開發計畫。因此,以美濃水庫的問題出發,這場運動觸及南台灣的河川保育問題、水權問題及高污染工業的存續問題,廣化了運動的視野。因此,它不只突顯了地域的問題,還連結了地區的問題;它不只是一個「被動」的反抗運動,同時還提出更全面而且結構性的問題。這幾年,美濃愛鄉協進會還致力於社區化,針對美濃客家社會文化的問題,做出主張與行動。
與世界上許多水庫不同的是,台灣的水庫興建計畫並不從世界銀行等國際金融機構取得資金,因此依國際反水庫的運動模式,台灣的水庫問題並不容易國際化。而這也使得台灣的環保視野少了一個吸收國際環保訊息的視窗。然而,透過國際會議與活動的參與,台灣的反水庫組織也開始拓展了意義與行動上視野。

運動前景

九〇年以後的國際反水庫運動模式逐漸由反動化為主動,不管是在地或國際的運動者除了堅持反對破壞性的水資源開發計畫,更積極主張較為永續、公平與有效的水資源科技和管理措施。而這種主動、科學與公義的態度往往為運動者與官僚機構之間的對話奠下良性的基礎,使得面對反水庫攻勢的水庫工業界與政府的態度也逐漸由反制、反抗轉變為反省與改革。一九九二年,總部設於巴黎的「國際大型水庫委員會(International Commission on Large Dam)」的主席普切爾(Wolfgang Pircher)以反動的口吻對「英國水庫協會(British Dam Society)」提出警告說,水庫工業正面臨「嚴厲而全面的反抗,幾已成功地削減了水庫在公眾面前所享有的尊榮,並使我們的專業工作變得困難重重。」
一九九四年五月,在歷經數十年的抗議、陳情、社會辯論與國會聽證後,水壩工程界的龍頭老大--美國墾務局終於承認水庫不管在美國或世界其餘地方都是「不智之舉」,並正式宣布停止美國境內的水庫興建計畫,並宣布未來重點是水資源的管理與環境回復的工作。同時間,歐洲的一些國家,如法國及挪威,也相繼立法禁止在國內興建大型水庫。可以說,水庫的年代在第一世界差不多已是壽終正寢。一九九六年九月在日本長良川舉行的「國際水庫高峰會議(International Dam Summit)」就以「建壩年代在世界各地正走入尾聲」為主題開場,進入後水壩時期水資源經營問題的探討。
一九九二年起,在美國西部一些經濟效益低落同時又嚴重影響魚類生態的水壩已在「拆除水壩,復活生態」的輿論中,面臨了解體的命運。事實上,早從七〇年代開始,環保人士與當地的漁民就不斷地發生抗議的呼聲,無奈當時的西部國會議員儘是大工程公司的御用代表,且國內及國際反水庫聲勢也尚未成氣候。一般相信,美西的零星水壩拆除行動勢將星火燎原,引發更為廣泛的運動。有鑒於此,美國土木工程師協會(American Society of Civil Engineers)已開始出版有關水壩拆除工程的技術指南,恐怕不要多久,拆壩工程便會變成專門的技術與學科。
然而,水庫工業在第一世界的垂死命運並不意謂第三世界的生態與弱勢社群從此就可免除水壩的威脅,這只是說明,第三世界的政府將愈來愈難從第一世界政府或其主導的國際金融機構取得建壩資金,而這對於新興的第三世界工業國也愈來愈不是問題。印度政府在世界銀行撤資後仍有相當的能力繼續推動納瑪達河谷計畫,且面對國際輿論的指責也不為所動,中國大陸的三峽大壩計畫情形也是如此。尤有甚者,許多第一世界國家的大型工程財團在國內賺錢機會消失後,積極地與第三世界的買辦官僚接合,推動大型水壩計畫,而這與面臨環保壓力的第一世界跨國財團把污染性工業移往第三世界,以延續資本命脈,道理如出一轍。這正是國際反水庫運動目前所面臨的最大挑戰。

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