書名：《觀察》文選
作者： 唐騁華 選編
選題策劃：翁德良
責任編輯：於玲玲
書號：978-7-5334-6794-4
出版社：福建教育出版社
出版時間：2015.06
定價：98.00元
開本：16
字數：531千
印張：33.5
頁碼：524
用紙：70克全木漿雙膠
包裝：精裝
基本介紹
- 書名：《觀察》文選
- 作者：唐騁華 選編
- ISBN：978-7-5334-6794-4
- 類別：C53 文選
- 頁數：524
- 定價：98
- 出版社：福建教育出版社
- 出版時間：2015年06月
- 裝幀：精裝
- 開本：16開
作者簡介,內容簡介,目錄,導言,出版背景,
作者簡介
唐騁華，1982年生於上海。少喜讀書，務求甚解。畢業後入媒體，凡十二年，致力於文化和人物報導。至今仍供職於上海某報社。閒暇時鑽研文史，尤偏重於近現代觀念史與經濟史。實則以職業為副業，以學業為志業，偶有所得，遂編成《<觀察>文選》。
內容簡介
《觀察》創刊於1946年，是中國現代史上最後一份同人刊物，也是當時發行量最大、影響最大的刊物。唐騁華先生選編的《觀察》選本以嶽麓書社的六卷影印本為底本，以1946年9月創刊至1948年12月被禁的《觀察》為範圍，分《觀察》立場、時局分析、經濟觀點、理念探討、領土問題、各地通信六大類，選入77篇文章，其中，“經濟觀點”和“各地通信”為本選本的最大亮點，也是此前研究者未能充分注意的。前者較完整地展現了民國時期知識分子對資本主義、社會主義、經濟正義、社會民主主義等領域的思考和探索;後者為《觀察》的特色欄目，通信來自全國各地，是記錄民國最後幾年民生情況、政局風雲的第一手觀察材料，擁有極高的史料價值。
目錄
導言····················································································································唐騁華/001
《觀察》立場
我們的志趣和態度····································································································編 者/003
辛勤·忍耐·向前——本刊的誕生·半年來的本刊······························································儲安平/007
艱難·風險·沉著——本刊第二卷報告書········································································儲安平/022
風浪·熬煉·撐住——《觀察》第三卷報告書··································································儲安平/035
政府利刃 指向《觀察》···························································································儲安平/049
吃重·苦鬥·盡心——《觀察》第四卷報告書··································································儲安平/053
時局分析
中國時局前途的三個去向·························································································王芸生/073
論豪門資本之必須剷除····························································································傅孟真/076
國民黨往何處去?···································································································楊人楩/081
從世界潮流論中國出路····························································································伍啟元/086
我們對於大局的看法與對策——正告美國···············································楊光時 葉毅 孟慶淵 陳序廷
·············································································· 葉蔚華 虞世蘭 車載 周揚 吳奇策 吳文烈/094
我們對於時局的幾點認識·························································································嚴仁賡/096
國共問題何以不能和平解決的追索················································································陳彥/103
動員·戡亂·行憲······································································································樓邦彥/107
論當前的政局和美國對華政策···················································································吳世昌/111
我們對於政府壓迫民盟的看法················································································周炳琳等/117
政治年度總結賬······················································································《觀察》特約記者/119
論不滿現狀···········································································································朱自清/122
一個農業工作者的自白和意見···················································································袁國弼/125
論《動員戡亂時期臨時條款》···················································································樓邦彥/133
忠告民社黨和青年黨·······························································································季羨林/137
和真比戰難么?······································································································董時進/141
經濟觀點
論當前中國經濟情勢·······························································································伍啟元/147
從經濟觀點論內戰問題····························································································伍啟元/151
企業家與企業精神··································································································簡貫三/155
公教人員的待遇怎樣才能得到真正的改善?··································································伍啟元/158
中國經濟危機的出路·······························································································笪移今/161
經濟之改造(一)······································································································胡先驌/167
經濟之改造(二)······································································································胡先驌/173
經濟之改造(三)······································································································胡先驌/178
經濟之改造(四)······································································································胡先驌/183
資本主義經濟與社會主義經濟···················································································陳志讓/187
現代財政動向與中國財政政策···················································································伍啟元/190
從黃金風潮論經濟對策····························································································莊智煥/194
經濟正義與社會安全·······························································································鄭林莊/200
現代經濟思潮的趨勢·······························································································吳元黎/204
中國當前的經濟禍患應由既得利益階級負責·································································楊西孟/210
論中國土地改革·····································································································施若霖/217
論經濟與政治——對於目前幾種經濟急救方案的一點批評之一·········································陳振漢/224
論徵用豪門富室在外國的資產及徵用的技術問題···························································韓德培/227
中國經濟問題·····································································································趙迺摶講/233
從“新經濟學”談到凱因斯和馬克思··············································································張培剛/238
物價狂漲!物價狂漲!································································································劉滌源/242
箭在弦上的幣制改革·······························································································笪移今/248
平抑物價乎?管制收益乎?·························································································羅堅白/255
金圓券能夠穩定物價嗎?···························································································樊弘/262
改革幣制已屆成敗關頭····························································································劉大中/267
政治力量安能穩定物價!···························································································嚴仁賡/272
百孔千瘡的物價管制·······························································································劉滌源/276
評最近官方挽救經濟危機的辦法················································································施復亮/283
理念探討
政治民主與經濟民主·······························································································吳世昌/293
自由主義者往何處去?·····························································································楊人楩/298
釋“左”與“右”··········································································································嚴仁賡/305
讀《關於中共往何處去》兼論自由主義 者的道路························································ 李孝友/312
我們對於爭取學術獨立的意見···························································國立七大學研究所同學會/316
論自由主義者的道路·······························································································施復亮/320
政治上的自由主義與文化上的自由主義·······································································張東蓀/327
讀《自由主義宣言》·······························································································潘光旦/333
釋Liberal·Liberalism·······························································································鄭慎山/341
一八四八·一九四八;——歷史的兩個轉折點··································································嚴仁賡/345
領土問題
琉球應歸還中國·······································································································萬 光/353
論琉球歸屬問題——及可能糾紛的日本領土·································································李純青/359
各地通信
宋子文的政績·政策·作風·················································································本刊特約記者/367
從中國鄉村看中國政治——一個政府簡任官吏的回鄉見聞······································本刊特約記者/371
浙江的征丁徵稅····························································································本刊特約記者/377
西安的面荒··································································································本刊特約記者/381
北方學運的源源本本··································································································王水/384
在內戰最前線···········································································································何彭/388
從數字看江西········································································································王克浪/394
淮上血淚·················································································································梁馬/398
蘇北實地視察錄·······································································································鄉 少/403
淚眼看東北·············································································································高 超/409
國大·總統·憲法·······················································································《觀察》特約記者/414
人民對於內戰的負擔················································································《觀察》特約記者/418
金圓券與政治的延續················································································《觀察》特約記者/426
我逃出了長春········································································································陶永芳/432
飢餓的野火····························································································《觀察》讀者投寄/439
部分作者簡介·················································································································/445
《觀察》(全六卷)篇目索引································································································/457
出版說明·······················································································································/523
導言
在現代中國的思想市場上，《觀察》曾經是一塊響亮的招牌。這份創刊於1946年9月、徹底終結於1950年5月的雜誌，發行量最高時超過十萬份，對大眾特別是以公教人員、政府官員、媒體人、工商界人士、自由職業者等為主體的城市知識階層、中產階層，擁有廣泛而巨大的影響。如果進一步把《觀察》放置到長時段歷史中，就更能辨別出其獨特地位。
鴉片戰爭和甲午戰爭意味著中國開始“被現代化”。英吉利這個聞所未聞的偏遠小國首度打破了東方的朝貢體系，以通商口岸、治外法權、最惠國待遇、租界等形式給老大帝國植入了現代因子。但是，舊秩序真正走向瓦解則要到十九世紀末，並由天朝所鄙視的“蕞爾小邦”日本扮演終結者——甲午戰爭表明，從政治體制、國際關係、大眾動員直到軍事能力，傾力“脫亞入歐”的日本均完勝清廷，“同光中興”被無情地擊敗。
新興異質文明的衝擊使儒家文明因無力應對而崩塌，這引發了連鎖反應。儒家依靠政治權力壟斷思想市場近兩千年，它的猛然崩塌，給各種思潮以生長空間。其中，既有士人對經世致用、佛學等傳統思想資源的“再開發”，也有對西方學說的汲取和引介，而後者逐漸突破窠臼，呈“衝決羅網”之勢。於是晚清的思想市場呈現出前所未有的繁雜景象，物競天擇、君主立憲、開明專制、變法維新等新辭彙迅速緊俏，在士大夫的筆尖和唇齒間翻滾。及至五四運動前後，國家主義、民族主義、民生主義、社會主義、共產主義、自由主義、民主主義、無政府主義……你未唱罷我登場，似過江之鯽，看得人眼花繚亂。
思想市場上的“亂象”，並非如輕佻之輩所言是無關痛癢的口水仗。它實際反映了這樣一個事實：面對“三千年未有之變局”(李鴻章語)，人們迫切地想知道該怎樣解釋及其應對之道。這種渴求又激發了對新訊息、新學說的強烈好奇心，它是如此強勁，並且藉助外來資源、大眾媒介，其聲勢、規模和深度均超過了春秋戰國時代的百家爭鳴。試圖滿足這種需求的“思想供應商”多種多樣，除了在啟蒙與救亡的大方向上勉強能保持共識，在以何啟蒙、何以救亡等問題上則分歧迭出、針鋒相對，以至於所謂“共識”只具有修辭意義。
《觀察》是眾多思想供應商里的一家。那么，在夭折六十餘載、同時代刊物多被遺忘的今天，為何人們總是一而再再而三地重新提起這本老雜誌呢?
從思想傳承看，《觀察》和《現代評論》(1924—1928)、《新月》(1928—1933)、《獨立評論》(1932—1937)等雜誌屬同一條脈絡，為自由知識分子的同人刊物。這些刊物的共同特點是，認為自由民主制度是中國的轉型目標，為達此目標則應以理性、客觀的態度分析時局、引介外來文明，從而既避免激進手段對社會造成的大破壞，又要矯正資本主義的弊端，收循序改良之效。到《觀察》時期，此種將自由主義與社會主義相調適的傾向更為明顯，且代表了知識階層的主流理念。這就不能不提及《觀察》的創辦者儲安平。
儲安平，1909年生，江蘇宜興人。早年畢業於光華大學英文系(一說政治系)，起初熱衷文學創作，受《新月》主編徐志摩賞識，曾出版過小說集《說謊者》。不過儲安平的最大理想是出洋求學，為困境中的祖國找尋一條通往民主自由之路。辛苦籌措到學費後，他於1935年奔赴英國倫敦政治經濟學院，師從政治學家、工黨領袖哈羅德·拉斯基，潛心研究英國歷史和政治制度【1】。
拉斯基是費邊社核心人物。費邊社由韋伯夫婦、蕭伯納等創建於十九世紀末，采古羅馬將領費邊緩進待機的辦法，主張調和社會矛盾與各階級利益，通過非暴力的、一點一滴的改良，推進社會變革，實現社會正義。此即“費邊主義”。二十世紀三十年代，拉斯基成為費邊主義的領軍人物。他長期任教於倫敦政治經濟學院，而羅隆基、張君勱、王造時、吳恩裕、金岳霖、費孝通、張奚若、蕭乾等中國學者皆曾慕名而來，由此，拉斯基及其“第三條道路”的理念風靡中國知識界，並在思想市場上形成了一個理念契合而形式鬆散的同人群體。
抗戰爆發後儲安平回國，著有《英國採風錄》《英人·法人·中國人》等。1945年他在重慶與張稚琴合辦《客觀》周刊，並任主編。十二期後他離開重慶，1946年9月1日在上海另起爐灶，締造《觀察》。而前述諸人中的吳恩裕、費孝通、張奚若，都一直作為特約撰稿人名列雜誌封面。這就難怪儲安平被目為“拉斯基傳人”了。
關於《觀察》的緣起和宗旨，本書選錄的《我們的志趣和態度》闡述得非常清楚，它也是《觀察》的發刊詞，此處不贅述。值得注意的是在致胡適信里，儲安平如此剖白心跡：“我們創辦《觀察》的目的，希望在國內能有一種真正無所偏倚的言論，能替國家培養一點自由思想的種子，並使楊墨以外的超然分子有一個共同說話的地方。”(《胡適來往書信選》下，中華書局，1979，第166頁)這表明，當“國共對決”之勢已成，自由知識分子倍感言論空間和生存空間日益縮小，亟需尋找“楊(極端利己主義)墨(團隊精神)以外”的第三條道路。
具體而言，《觀察》選取的道路是以書生論政為徑，又與現實政治保持一定的距離——至少儲安平自己從未涉足政治漩渦。這與傅斯年對胡適的忠告相契合：“與其入政府，不如組黨;與其組黨，不如辦報。”據此，儲安平為雜誌奠定了基調：民主、自由、進步、理性。
謝泳先生曾考證，蔣經國曾透過經濟學家笪移今資助過《觀察》並成為股東，但這並未影響儲安平的立場，因此我們依然可以說，《觀察》自始至終靠訂戶、零售所得來運營，未得官方的直接資助，更沒有武力後盾，可將其視作“市場化媒體”。
為經營好雜誌，儲安平每半年會撰寫一篇“報告書”做總結，從中能看到，為擴大銷路，他確實想了很多辦法——例如今日商家仍慣用的“飢餓行銷”。值得稱讚的是，在金融大崩潰的1948年，《觀察》的銷量不跌反升，遍及沿海和內地的各城市乃至邊疆省份，連“沒有任何閱讀習慣”的廣大職業民眾也熱心閱讀。這反過來說明，在天翻地覆的大變革中人民對思想的需求是十分旺盛的。
但思想市場從來都不是為所欲為的，要受到方方面面的掣肘。1948年11月6日，第五卷第十一期的《觀察》刊登了儲安平的《一場爛污》。針對破產的金圓券改革，他怒斥國民黨政府：“七十天是一場小爛污，二十年是一場大爛污!污爛污爛，二十年來拆足了爛污!”此文惹惱當局，於是數“罪”並罰，12月25日雜誌社被封。
儘管1949年11月《觀察》一度復刊，卻已今非昔比。而因為儲安平以及諸多《觀察》撰稿人在1957年被打成“右派”，有關這個人、這個群體、這本雜誌的往事長期塵封。不過，隨著近些年對民國知識分子、民國思想的關注度提高，《觀察》又回到公眾視野。張新穎編的兩卷本《儲安平文集》，謝泳先生編著的《儲安平：一條河流般的憂鬱》《儲安平與<觀察>》，特別是嶽麓書社的《觀察》影印本，對發掘和認識這份雜誌及其撰稿人有重要貢獻。我們編選這本《<觀察>文選》的目的，也是將那一群人在那個年代的所思所言，將他們的灼見也好謬論也罷，真實地呈現出來。
《文選》以嶽麓書社《觀察》(全六卷)影印本為底本，選錄自1946年9月創刊至1948年12月被查禁期間的77篇文章，分為時局分析、《觀察》立場、經濟觀點、各地通信、理念探討和領土問題等六個類別。由於《觀察》刊載的文章甚多，編選時須有所側重，為此編者確定了兩個原則：其一，以經濟評論類文章和各地通信為選編側重之點。由於內戰期間國民政府的財政狀況持續惡化、最終經濟總崩潰，嚴重侵害了社會各個階層的權益，因此，財政和經濟成為1946—1948年間知識界、軍政公教人員及普通市民最為關切的問題。同時，通過對經濟現象的分析和闡釋，學者們也表達了自身的價值立場和思想立場。梳理這些文字，有助於後人較完整地把握民國知識分子對資本主義、社會主義、經濟正義、社會民主主義等主題的思考和探索，為觀測當時的“思想光譜”提供了極佳案例。
“各地通信”為《觀察》的特色內容。在當時，《觀察通信》欄目因及時、準確、客觀而廣受好評，是《觀察》雜誌火爆發行的重要因素之一。鑒於時過境遷，且關於解放戰爭的資料和論述已汗牛充棟，編者遂放棄新聞性比較強的“軍事通信”，主要選取了以民生、民情為視角的通信。這些通信來自全國各地，有正劇、有悲劇亦有笑劇，堪稱記錄民國最後幾年民生狀況、政局風雲的第一手材料，具有極高的史料價值。
其二，鑒於儲安平、費孝通、潘光旦、張東蓀等名家均有文集面世，且他們在《觀察》發表的文章已被多種文集收錄，故本書只取其最具代表性的幾篇文章，而將主要篇幅留給伍啟元、劉大中、笪移今、嚴仁賡等人，以期從更廣泛的意義上呈現民國知識分子的思想狀況和知識水準。
上述學者國人可能並不熟悉，甚或聞所未聞——即便在網路搜尋極為便利的當下，也很難檢索到他們的詳細資訊——但某一時段的聲名不顯，並不會永久掩蓋他們的光芒。這些學者大都有著極深的學術造詣，假以時日，人們必會了解到他們的價值，給予他們應有的評價。例如伍啟元，曾赴倫敦大學政治經濟學院留學，其博士論文《國際價格理論大綱》獲奧地利學派經濟學家莫瑞·羅斯巴德盛讚，至今仍不斷再版;又如劉大中，赴美後專攻計量經濟學，2003年諾貝爾經濟學獎得主羅伯特·恩格爾曾接受他指導。編者在此拋磚引玉，希望有心人讀過《文選》後認識到他們的價值，挖掘整理出更多的史料和文獻，這當是對先賢最好的告慰。
唐騁華
【1】 此為通行的說法。不過，華東師範大學歷史系博士研究生、儲安平研究者韓戍在詳細梳理了相關史料後認為，儲安平最先進入的應為蘇格蘭愛丁堡大學，時為1936年夏。因不滿於該校的教學，遂於次年轉赴倫敦自學。但是，儲安平並未正式就學於倫敦政治經濟學院，更不曾受拉斯基親炙，可能只是屬於“遊學”性質。
出版背景
本書是儲安平創辦的《觀察》雜誌的選本。由於歷史的原因，儲安平一度是“思想史上的失蹤者”，由於戴晴、謝泳等人的努力，儲安平和《觀察》的命運與意義才為眾人所熟知。《觀察》自出版以來，有過影印本但從無選本。2016年是《觀察》雜誌創刊七十周年，也是儲安平失蹤五十周年，我們推出這本《<觀察>文選》，謹以此紀念思想史上這一段驚艷故事。書末所附的“部分作者簡介”和“《觀察》(全六卷)篇目索引”是我們的誠意所在，特別是“《觀察》(全六卷)篇目索引”，這是收入《觀察》全部文章的完整的篇目索引，連“讀者投書”這樣的小豆腐塊，我們都一一編入其中。
