GEO-HAZARDS AND THEIR MITIGATION

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Past experience has shown that natural disasters have caused heavy casualties, damageto property and threaten the existence of human beings. According to the statistics of theUnited Nations, in the last two decades about 2.8 million people lost their lives and 820 mil-lion people suffered from various calamities, while the direct economic losses amounted to100 billion US dollars all over the world and 50- -60 billion yuan (RMB) in China. Resolu-tion No. 42/ 169 by the United Nations declared the last decade of this century, from 1990to 2,000, as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) and demanded that, during these ten years, every international institution and organization takeaction cooperatively in order to reduce and mitigate the damage to mankind by natural dis-asters. The China National Committee of the International Decade for Natural DisasterReduction has been set up by the Chinese government since then and various activities con-cerning Natural Disaster Reduction have been developing in China.Proposed by the Rapid Geomorphological Hazards Study Group of the InternationalGeographical Union and the Natural Disaster Research Committee of the Chinese Acade-my of Sciences, and by scholars from home and abroad, an International Symposium washeld in Nanjing, August 21-26, 1990.About 120 scientists from all over the world including Australia, Holland, Hungary,Italy, New Zealand, Romania, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and Germany as well asChina participated in this meeting. The causes, processes and mitigation measures of vari-ous natural disasters were discussed, and over 100 papers and abstracts delivered whichcovered a wide range of research on natural disasters, especially in respect of mountain andplain disastersincludingtheir forms， distribution, monitoring,prediction andcountermeasures. Most of the papers present the latest research results with new theoriesand methods as well as the valuable experience of natural disaster- -mitigation in each coun-ry. Scholars from home and abroad will exchange views and be encouraged to discussmany aspects of natural disasters as a result of this meeting. The meeting also became ameans of strengthening international academic communication and cooperation on naturaldisasters to enhance human awareness of how to prevent natural disasters and tocoordinate international attempts to reduce natural disasters.On behalf of the Organizing Comitee, and the Natural Disaster Research Commit-tee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Rapid Geomorphological Hazards StudyGroup of the 1GU, we sincerely thank the organizations and institutions which activelysupported this meeting, including the National Foundation of Natural Sciences, NanjingInstitute of Geography and Limnology, CAS, the Chengdu Institute of Mountain Disasterand Environment, the Dongchuan Station of Debris Flow Observation and Experiment,and scholars and experts from home and abroad.Natural disasters may occur in one place or region, but their form and influence haveconnections with regional and globai environmental change. This may well be the reasonthat encourages scholars and experts from many countries to gather to discuss the incidenceof natural disasters and possible countermeasures. One can be sure that the knowledge ofscience and human wisdom will take a more important position in creating a better envi-ronment for human life and in promoting the well-being of mankind. Based on the lecturesat the meeting some excellent papers have been selected for the proceedings. The aim is toprovide insights into current concerns about natural disaster mitigation.

GEO-HAZARDS AND THEIR MITIGATION

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