《Experiments, Models, Paper Tools》是2002年Stanford University Press出版的圖書，作者是Ursula Klein。
基本介紹
- 外文名：Experiments, Models, Paper Tools
- 作者：Ursula Klein
- ISBN：9780804743594
- 定價：81.93 美元
內容簡介,圖書目錄,作者簡介,
內容簡介
In the early nineteenth century, chemistry emerged in Europe as a truly experimental discipline. What set this process in motion, and how did it evolve? Experimentalization in chemistry was driven by a seemingly innocuous tool: the sign system of chemical formulas invented by the Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius. By tracing the history of this "paper tool," the author reveals how chemistry quickly lost its orientation to natural history and became a major productive force in industrial society.
These formulas were not merely a convenient shorthand, but productive tools for creating order amid the chaos of early nineteenth-century organic chemistry. With these formulas, chemists could create a multifaceted world on paper, which they then correlated with experiments and the traces produced in test tubes and flasks.
The author's semiotic approach to the formulas allows her to show in detail how their particular semantic and representational qualities made them especially useful as paper tools for productive application.
圖書目錄
Preface
Introduction
1. The Semiotics of Berzelian Chemical Formulas
The Various Meanings of Berzelian Formulas
Image and Language: The Syntax of Berzelian Formulas
2. Two Cultures of Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century: A Structural Comparison
The Area of Research Objects in Early Nineteenth-Century Plant and Animal Chemistry
Plant and Animal Substances: A Cross between Natural History and Chemistry
The Classification of Plant and Animal Substances
"Nature" and "Art" in the Experimental Practice of Plant and Animal Chemistry
The Experimental Culture of Organic Chemistry after 1840
The Two Forms of Organic Chemistry Compared
3. Experiments on the Periphery of Plant Chemistry
Ether Production and Commercial Pharmacy
Interpretive Models of the Formation of Ordinary Ether around 1800
Quantitative Approaches in the Study of Organic Reactions
Simplified Quantitative Experiments
The Manufacture of an Artificial Oil in the Chemical Laboratory
New Attempts to Balance the Masses of Reacting Substances
The Overthrow of the Accepted Interpretive Model of the Formation of Ordinary Ether
4. Paper Tools for the Construction of Interpretive Models of Chemical Reactions
The Historical Problem
Modeling Separate Reaction Pathways
The Performative Function of Berzelian Formulas
5. Paper Tools for the Classification of Organic Substances
The Structure and Function of Dumas and Boullay's Table
Experimentation and the Construction of Formula Models for the "Compounds of Bicarbonated Hydrogen"
The Enlargement of Substance Classes by the Construction of Further Formula Models
Manipulations of Formulas and Their Significance
Reception of the New Classification among European Chemists
6. Paper Tools for Modeling the Constitution of Organic Compounds
The Shared Conceptual Preconditions for the Models of Constitution
Models of Constitution Prior to 1833
The Controversy
7. The Dialectic of Tools and Goals
A Performative Account of Conceptual Development
The Creation of Mutual Adjustments and Its Reflection in the New Mode of Justification
8. The Historical Transformation Process
Model Objects and Unintended Paradigmatic Achievements
The Structural Transformation
9. Paper Tools
Filling in the Gaps of Inscription Devices
Chains of Inscriptions and Paper Tools
Notes
Literature Cited
Index
作者簡介
Ursula Klein is Director of the Research Group on the History and Philosophy of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. This is her first book in English.
