電力系統分析與設計（英文改編版·原書第6版）

內容簡介

在電力系統的歷史回顧和未來趨勢的展望的序言體重後，第二章幫助學生對之前的術語進行了一個簡要的寒嘗腳簽回顧。本章回顧了相位的概念、功率、以及單相和三相電路。第3章到第5章研究了電力格燥愚變壓器，包括獨立系統、傳輸線參數以及傳輸線的穩態運行。第6章研究了潮流計算，包括牛頓-拉夫遜法、風力發電的潮流建模、經濟調度以及最佳化潮流。這幾章提供了對電力台舉永系統在三相平衡、穩態和正常運行下的基本理解。第7章到第10章則介紹了在常規電力系統短路保護下的對稱故障、對稱參數、不對稱故障以及系統保護。第11章研究了暫態穩定遷盛潤己性，包幾洪鴉括搖擺方程式、等面積法則、以及煉嘗墊考慮風力發電系統的多機穩定性。第12章介紹了電力系統控制，包括發電機電壓控制、渦輪調速機控制、以及載荷頻率控制。

圖書目錄

Contents

Preface iii

ChAPTER 1 Introduction 1

Case Study: How the Free Market Rocked the Grid 2

1.1History of Electric Power Systems 10

1.2Present and Future Trends 17

1.3Electric Utility Industry Structure 20

1.4Computers in Power System Engineering 21

1.5PowerWorld Simulator 22

ChAPTER 2 Fundamentals 29

Case Study: Key Connections 30

2.1Phasors 38

2.2Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits 40

2.3Complex Power 45

2.4Network Equations 50

2.5Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 53

2.6Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 61

2.7Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems 66

ChAPTER 3 Power Transformers 69

Case Study: Power Transformers—Life Management and Extension 70

3.1The Ideal Transformer 77

3.2Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers 83

3.3 The Per-Unit System 89

ChAPTER 4

3.4Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift 97

3.5Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 102

3.6Three-Winding Transformers 107

3.7Autotransformers 111

3.8Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios 113

Transmission Line Parameters 123

Case Study: Integrating North America’s Power Grid 124 Case Study: Grid Congestion - Unclogging the Arteries

of North America’s Power Grid 129

4.1Transmission Line Design Considerations 135

4.2Resistance 140

4.3Conductance 143

4.4Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 143

4.5Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 148

4.6Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 150

4.7Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 158

4.8Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 163

4.9Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 166

4.10Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 168

4.11Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 172

4.12Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level 177

4.13Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 180

Contents

ChAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation 183

Case Study: The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies: An Overview of High Voltage Direct Current Systems and Applications 184

5.1Medium and Short Line Approximations 204

5.2Transmission-Line Differential Equations 211

5.3Equivalent p Circuit 217

5.4Lossless Lines 220

5.5Maximum Power Flow 228

5.6Line Loadability 230

5.7Reactive Compensation Techniques 235

ChAPTER 6 Power Flows 241

Case Study: Finding Flexibility—Cycling the Conventional Fleet 242

6.1Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination 262

6.2Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel 266

6.3Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson 272

6.4The Power Flow Problem 277

6.5Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel 283

6.6Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson 285

6.7Control of Power Flow 295

6.8Sparsity Techniques 301

6.9Fast Decoupled Power Flow 304

6.10The “DC” Power Flow 304

6.11Power Flow Modeling of Wind Generation 306

6.12Economic Dispatch 308

6.13Optimal Power Flow 321

ChAPTER 7 Symmetrical Faults 325

Case Study: Short-Circuit Modeling of a Wind Power Plant 326

7.1Series R–L Circuit Transients 345

7.2Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine 348

ChAPTER 8

ChAPTER 9

ChAPTER 10

7.3Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits 352

7.4Bus Impedance Matrix 355

7.5Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection 365

Symmetrical Components 373

Case Study: Technological Progress in High-Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 374

8.1Definition of Symmetrical Components 391

8.2Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads 397

8.3Sequence Networks of Series Impedances 404

8.4Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines 406

8.5Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines 408

8.6Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 414

8.7Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers 420

8.8Power in Sequence Networks 422

Unsymmetrical Faults 425

Case Study: Innovative Medium Voltage Switchgear for Today’s Applications 426

9.1System Representation 433

9.2Single Line-to-Ground Fault 439

9.3Line-to-Line Fault 443

9.4Double Line-to-Ground Fault 446

9.5Sequence Bus Impedance Matrices 453

Transient Stability 463

Case Study: Down, but Not Out 465

10.1The Swing Equation 483

10.2Simplified Synchronous Machine Model and System Equivalents 489

10.3The Equal-Area Criterion 491

10.4Numerical Integration of the Swing Equation 501

10.5Multimachine Stability 505

10.6A Two-Axis Synchronous Machine Model 513

Contentsxiii

10.7Wind Turbine Machine Models 518

10.8Design Methods for Improving Transient Stability 524

ChAPTER 11 Power System Controls 527

Case Study: No Light in August: Power System Restoration Following the 2003 North American Blackout 530

11.1Generator-Voltage Control 545

11.2Turbine-Governor Control 549

11.3Load-Frequency Control 555

Appendix 561

目　錄

前言vi

第1章引言1

1.1

電力系統的歷史10

1.2

現狀和發展趨勢17

1.3

電力工業的結構20

1.4

計算機在電力系統工程中的套用21

1.5

PowerWorld Simulator仿真軟體22

第2章基礎29

2.1

相量38

2.2

單相交流電路的瞬時功率40

2.3

復功率45

2.4

網路方程50

2.5

三相平衡電路53

2.6

三相平衡電路的功率61

2.7

三相平衡電路與單相電路的比較優勢66

第3章電力變壓器69

3.1

理想變壓器77

3.2

實際變壓器的等效電路83

3.3

標麼制89

3.4

三相變壓器的連線和移相器97

3.5

三相雙繞組變壓器的標麼值等效電路102

3.6

三繞組變壓器107

3.7

自耦變壓器111

3.8

非標準變比變壓器113

目　錄xv

第4章輸電線路參數123

4.1

輸電線路設計的考慮因素135

4.2

電阻140

4.3

電導143

4.4

電感：實心圓柱導體143

4.5

電感：單相兩線和三相三線等相間距148

4.6

電感：複合導體、不等相間距、分裂導線150

4.7

串聯阻抗：中性導體和接地迴路的三相導線158

4.8

電場和電壓：實心圓柱導體163

4.9

電容：單相兩線和三相三線等相間距166

4.10

電容：絞線、不相等的相間距、分裂導線168

4.11

並聯導納：線與中性導體和接地迴路172

4.12

導體表面和大地的電場強度177

4.13

雙迴路三相線路180

第5章輸電線路：穩態運行183

5.1

中等和短線路的等效模型204

5.2

輸電線路的微分方程211

5.3

π型等效電路217

5.4

無損線路220

5.5

最大潮流228

5.6

線路的負載能力230

5.7

無功補償技術235

第6章潮流241

6.1

對線性代數方程組的直接解決方法：高斯消元法262

6.2

線性代數方程組的疊代解法：雅可比和高斯-賽德爾疊代法266

6.3

非線性代數方程組的疊代解法：牛頓-拉夫遜法272

6.4

潮流問題277

6.5

高斯-賽德爾疊代法計算潮流283

6.6

牛頓-拉夫遜法計算潮流285

6.7

潮流控制295

6.8

稀疏技術301

6.9

快速分解法304

6.10

直流潮流304

6.11

風機潮流建模306

6.12

經濟調度308

6.13

最優潮流321

第7章對稱故障325

7.1

R-L串聯電路的暫態345

7.2

空載同步發電機三相短路348

7.3

電力系統三相短路352

7.4

節點阻抗矩陣355

7.5

斷路器和熔斷器的選擇365

第8章對稱分量373

8.1

對稱分量的定義391

8.2

阻抗負荷的序網路397

8.3

串聯阻抗的序網路404

8.4

三相線路的序網路406

8.5

旋轉電機的序網路408

8.6

三相雙繞組變壓器的標麼序網路模型414

8.7

三相三繞組變壓器的標麼序網路模型420

8.8

序網路中的功率422

第9章不對稱故障425

9.1

電力系統的表示433

9.2

單相接地故障439

9.3

相間故障443

9.4

兩相接地故障446

9.5

節點序阻抗矩陣453

第10章暫態穩定463

10.1

轉子運動方程483

10.2

同步電機的簡化模型和系統等效 489

10.3

等面積定則491

10.4

轉子運動方程的數值積分501

10.5

多機穩定性505

10.6

雙軸同步電機模型513

10.7

風機模型518

10.8

提高暫態穩定性的方法524

目　錄xvii

第11章電力系統控制527

11.1

發電機-電壓控制545

11.2

汽輪機-調速器控制549

11.3

負荷-頻率控制555

附錄561

電力系統分析與設計（英文改編版·原書第6版）

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