定義,表示方法,all 的否定式,both 的否定式,every的否定式,always的否定式,entirely altogether,completely quite的否定式,all the time 的否定式,not…and…的否定式,部分否定轉化為完全否定,常見錯誤,
定義
部分否定句就是對句子做部分否定,而不是完全的否定。
表示方法
all 的否定式
not all…(或:all…not)表示"並非都……"、"不是所有的都……"例如:
Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 並非人人都能當頭頭。
Not all bamboo grows tall. 並非所有的竹子都會長得很高。
both 的否定式
not…both (或:both… not) "並非兩個……都……" 例如:
I don't want both the books. 我不是兩本書都要。
Both (the) windows are not open. 兩扇窗子並不都開著。
every的否定式
"不是每……都……" 例如:
Not every book is educative. (或:Every book is not educative.) 不是每本書都有教育意義的。
Not everyone likes this book. 並非人人都喜歡這本書。
This flower is not seen everywhere. 這花並不是隨處可見的。
always的否定式
"並非總是(並非一直)……" 例如:
He is not always so sad. 他並不是一直都這樣悲傷。
entirely altogether
"不完全……","並非完全……" 例如:
The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。
He felt not altogether satisfied. 他並不完全滿意。
completely quite的否定式
"不完全……","並非完全……" 例如:
I don't agree completely. 我並不完全同意。
What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥當。
all the time 的否定式
"並非一直……"、"未必老是……" 例如:
A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯錯誤。
not…and…的否定式
not…and…的否定式,被否定的往往是and後面的那一部分。 例如:
He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他講得清楚但不正確。
This film is not interesting and instructive. 這部電影有趣但無教育意義。
She cannot sing and dance. 她會唱歌但不會跳舞。
如果將and 換成or,not 對其後面的兩部分就全盤否定了。
He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他講的既不清楚也不正確。
部分否定轉化為完全否定
如要對上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等詞作完全否定,那就分別要用與之相對應的全否定詞,如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)… at all 等。例如:
All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it.
Both are good.---Neither is good.
Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it.
He is always late. --- He is never late.
We don't trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all.
He was here all the time. --- He was never here.
常見錯誤
英語和漢語在否定的表達形式上存在著許多差異,我國學生往往會以中國人的思維方式和習慣用法去套英語,這樣在漢譯英時難免會出現一些錯誤。部分常見的錯誤舉例如下:
1.未經允許,任何人不得入內。
誤:anybodycan not come in without permission.
正:Nobody can come in without permission.
"任何……不"是漢語中常用的否定句式,而在英語中與any構成的合成詞或被any修飾的詞語作主語時,
謂語動詞不能用否定式,因此any ... not的表達形式不符合英語的習慣。翻譯這類句子時須用"否定形式的主語+肯定形式的謂語"。但當any的合成詞或any所修飾的詞帶有後置定語時,謂語可以用否定式,如: 乾那種事的人都是不誠實的。 Anyone who does that isn't honest.
2、聽到這個訊息後,沒有一個人不感到興奮。
誤:Having heard the news, nobody did not feel excited.
正:Having heard the news, everybody felt excited.
漢語中常用"沒有+主語+不+謂語"這一雙重否定的結構,而英語中否定形式的主語習慣上不能與否定形式的謂語連用。因此nobody... not的結構不符合英語的表達習慣。翻譯這類句子時,(1)可把主語和謂語都改成肯定形式;(2)也可用另一結構的
雙重否定式:there be +否定的主語 + 否定形式的
定語從句,如: There was nobody who did not feel excited. 或:There was nobody but felt excited.
3.這兩本書都不是英國出版的。
誤:Both of the books are not published in England.
正:Neither of the books is published in England.
我不同意所有這些方案。
誤:I don't agree to all these projects.
正:I agree to none of these projects. 或:I don't agree to any of these projects.
英語中的概括詞all, every, both, 以及與every 構成的合成詞,用語否定句式時,只表示部分否定,常譯成"並非……都",因此兩個錯誤譯句的含義分別為:並非兩本書都是英國出版的,並非所有這些方案我都同意。要表達全部否定意義時,英語須用全否定詞語,如none neither, no, nobody, nothing, not…any, not…either等。
4、這台車床不能再用了,那台也一樣。
誤:This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one can't, too.
正:This lathe can not be used any longer, and that one can't either.
或:This lathe can not be used any longer, neither (nor) can that one.
否定句中的"也"不能譯成too,而須用either,或用neither(nor)的倒裝句型。
5、你不必為你的軍銜和薪金擔心。
誤:You won't have to worry about rank and pay.
正:You won't have to worry about rank or pay.
在肯定句中用and來連線兩個並列成分,表示"和",但在否定句中and應改為or, 這時
否定詞對or的前後部分同時加以否定。
6、這些規章制度多不完善!
誤:How not perfect the rules and regulations are!
正:How imperfect the rules and regulations are!
漢語中的感嘆句可用否定式,如:多不光彩呀!多不容易呀!而英語中的感嘆句不能用否定式,我們可用反義詞或帶有否定詞綴的詞來表示。
7、我認為這不值得一試。
誤:I think this is not worth trying.
正:I don't think this is worth trying.
英語中表臆想、猜測的動詞think, believe, fancy, expect, guess, imagine, suppose等,如果帶有否定的
賓語從句,賓語從句中的
否定詞通常提前,用來否定
主句的
謂語動詞。尤其是think, 按習慣用法,否定詞只能置於think前。
8、他來這兒不是為了求得我們的幫助。
誤:He came here not to ask us for help.
正:He did not come here to ask us for help.
否定狀語時,英語中的
否定詞一般不直接置於被否定詞語前,通常置於謂語動詞前。只有當兩個部分加以對比時,即"不是……而是"時,否定詞才可直接置於狀語前。如:他來這兒不是為了求得我們的幫助,而是來給我們提供一些信息。He came here not to ask us for help, but to give us some information.即使在這一結構中,英語還是常把否定詞置於謂語動詞前。
9、他的設計肯定還沒完成。
誤:He mustn't have completed his design.
正:He can't have completed his design.
對比較有把握的推測,肯定句中用must,而否定句中用can't,對過去的推測,在must和can't後接完成形式。