資料庫基礎教程（SQL Server 平台）（第2版）

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本書是江蘇省精品教材立項建設項目、“十二盼腳夜五”江蘇省高等學校重點教材建設項目成果，以基於資料庫的套用能力培養為腿槳肯主要目標，面向套用型教學需求，重點突出基礎性和套用艱埋應性。按照“理論、實踐、再理論、再實付嚷戒臘踐”的思想關聯知識，以一個貫穿全書的商品訂購管理資料庫示例為主線，將資料庫基本原理、技術和套用三茅船婆者有精酷機結合。全書共9章，內容包括資料庫概覽、關係數據模型、關係資料庫語言SQL、資料庫設計、關係規範化理論、套用系統中的SQL 及相關技術、資料庫套用開發察道霸定、資料庫保護和資料庫新進展。附錄A 和B分別是實驗指導和課程設計指導。附錄C是T-SQL 常用語句。本書免費提供配套電子課件、習題參考解答、示例源程式和視頻資源。

圖書目錄

第1 章資料庫概覽—實例、概念與認識............................................................................................ 1

1.1 數據管理技術的進展.................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 人工管理階段.................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.2 檔案系統階段.................................................................................................................... 1

1.1.3 資料庫系統階段................................................................................................................ 2

1.2 理解資料庫系統............................................................................................................................ 3

1.2.1 實例——商品訂購管理系統........................................................................................... 4

1.2.2 什麼是資料庫系統............................................................................................................ 5

1.3 資料庫系統結構............................................................................................................................ 6

1.3.1 資料庫系統的三級模式結構........................................................................................... 6

1.3.2 資料庫系統的二級映像.................................................................................................... 7

1.3.3 資料庫管理系統................................................................................................................ 7

1.3.4 資料庫系統所需人員........................................................................................................ 8

1.4 數據模型......................................................................................................................................... 9

1.4.1 數據模型的概念................................................................................................................ 9

1.4.2 概念數據模型..................................................................................................................10

1.4.3 邏輯數據模型..................................................................................................................12

1.5 資料庫系統的發展......................................................................................................................13

1.5.1 資料庫系統發展的階段..................................................................................................13

1.5.2 資料庫系統主要研究領域..............................................................................................14

本章小結................................................................................................................................................15

習題1 .....................................................................................................................................................15

第2 章關係數據模型—關係資料庫基礎..........................................................................................16

2.1 關係數據結構..............................................................................................................................16

2.1.1 二維表與關係數據結構..................................................................................................16

2.1.2 關係數據結構的形式化定義.........................................................................................18

2.1.3 關係的性質.......................................................................................................................19

2.1.4 關係模式...........................................................................................................................20

2.1.5 關係資料庫.......................................................................................................................20

2.1.6 碼.......................................................................................................................................21

2.2 關係操作.......................................................................................................................................22

2.2.1 基本關係操作..................................................................................................................23

2.2.2 關係數據語言分類..........................................................................................................23

2.2.3 關係代數...........................................................................................................................23

2.3 關係完整性..................................................................................................................................28

·VI·

2.3.1 實體完整性.......................................................................................................................29

2.3.2 參照完整性.......................................................................................................................29

2.3.3 用戶定義完整性..............................................................................................................29

本章小結................................................................................................................................................30

習題2.............................................................................................................................................30

第3 章關係資料庫語言SQL—資料庫套用基礎............................................................................31

3.1 SQL 概述......................................................................................................................................31

3.1.1 SQL 的特點......................................................................................................................32

3.1.2 SQL 基本概念..................................................................................................................32

3.1.3 SQL 語言的組成..............................................................................................................33

3.1.4 SQL 語句分類..................................................................................................................34

3.2 SQL 語言的數據類型.................................................................................................................34

3.3 數據定義.......................................................................................................................................36

3.3.1 模式定義...........................................................................................................................36

3.3.2 基本表定義.......................................................................................................................37

3.3.3 索引定義...........................................................................................................................40

3.3.4 視圖定義...........................................................................................................................42

3.4 數據查詢.......................................................................................................................................43

3.4.1 SELECT 語句結構..........................................................................................................43

3.4.2 單表查詢...........................................................................................................................44

3.4.3 連線查詢...........................................................................................................................52

3.4.4 嵌套查詢...........................................................................................................................56

3.4.5 集合查詢...........................................................................................................................61

3.4.6 視圖查詢...........................................................................................................................62

3.5 數據更新.......................................................................................................................................64

3.5.1 數據插入...........................................................................................................................64

3.5.2 數據修改...........................................................................................................................65

3.5.3 數據刪除...........................................................................................................................65

3.5.4 視圖更新...........................................................................................................................66

3.5.5 更新操作與數據完整性..................................................................................................67

本章小結................................................................................................................................................67

習題3......................................................................................................................................................68

第4 章資料庫設計—資料庫套用系統開發總論············································································69

4.1 資料庫設計概述..........................................................................................................................69

4.1.1 資料庫設計的含義..........................................................................................................69

4.1.2 資料庫設計的特點..........................................................................................................70

4.1.3 資料庫設計的六階段......................................................................................................71

4.2 需求分析.......................................................................................................................................72

4.2.1 需求分析的步驟..............................................................................................................72

·VII·

4.2.2 需求分析常用的調查方法................................................................................................73

4.2.3 需求分析的描述................................................................................................................73

4.3 概念設計.......................................................................................................................................78

4.3.1 概念設計的方法..............................................................................................................78

4.3.2 ER 方法.............................................................................................................................79

4.3.3 基本E-R 模型的擴充.....................................................................................................82

4.3.4 擴展E-R 模型..................................................................................................................85

4.4 邏輯設計.......................................................................................................................................87

4.4.1 E-R 模型轉換為關係模型.................................................................................................87

4.4.2 數據模式的最佳化..............................................................................................................90

4.4.3 設計用戶外模式..............................................................................................................90

4.5 物理設計.......................................................................................................................................91

4.5.1 確定資料庫的物理結構..................................................................................................91

4.5.2 性能評價...........................................................................................................................92

4.6 資料庫實施..................................................................................................................................92

4.6.1 資料庫結構定義及數據載入.........................................................................................93

4.6.2 應用程式編寫與調試......................................................................................................93

4.6.3 資料庫試運行..................................................................................................................94

4.7 資料庫運行與維護......................................................................................................................94

4.7.1 資料庫的轉儲和恢復......................................................................................................94

4.7.2 資料庫安全性、完整性控制.........................................................................................94

4.7.3 資料庫性能監督、分析和改進.....................................................................................95

4.7.4 資料庫的重定義、重構和重組織.................................................................................95

本章小結................................................................................................................................................95

習題4.....................................................................................................................................................95

第5 章關係規範化理論——關係資料庫設計理論基礎····································································97

5.1 數據冗餘與操作異常問題.........................................................................................................97

5.1.1 數據冗餘與操作異常......................................................................................................97

5.1.2 問題原因分析..................................................................................................................98

5.2 函式依賴.......................................................................................................................................98

5.2.1 函式依賴的基本概念......................................................................................................99

5.2.2 函式依賴的分類..............................................................................................................99

5.2.3 函式依賴與數據冗餘....................................................................................................100

5.3 範式.............................................................................................................................................100

5.3.1 關係模式和碼................................................................................................................100

5.3.2 基於函式依賴的範式....................................................................................................101

5.3.3 多值依賴與4NF............................................................................................................104

5.4 數據依賴公理系統....................................................................................................................106

5.4.1 邏輯蘊含.........................................................................................................................106

·VIII·

5.4.2 Armstrong 公理系統......................................................................................................106

5.4.3 函式依賴集的閉包........................................................................................................107

5.4.4 最小依賴集.....................................................................................................................108

5.5 模式分解.....................................................................................................................................109

5.5.1 無損分解.........................................................................................................................110

5.5.2 函式依賴保持................................................................................................................112

本章小結..............................................................................................................................................114

習題5...................................................................................................................................................114

第6 章套用系統中的SQL 及相關技術——套用開發關鍵技術····················································116

6.1 在套用中使用SQL ...................................................................................................................116

6.2 T-SQL 程式設計........................................................................................................................117

6.2.1 T-SQL 程式設計基礎....................................................................................................117

6.2.2 流程控制語句................................................................................................................120

6.2.3 批處理和腳本................................................................................................................125

6.2.4 函式.................................................................................................................................126

6.2.5 游標.................................................................................................................................133

6.3 存儲過程和觸發器....................................................................................................................139

6.3.1 存儲過程.........................................................................................................................139

6.3.2 觸發器.............................................................................................................................145

6.4 資料庫訪問接口........................................................................................................................148

6.4.1 開放資料庫互連ODBC ...............................................................................................149

6.4.2 OLE DB 和ADO...........................................................................................................154

6.4.3 ADO.NET.......................................................................................................................158

6.4.4 JDBC...............................................................................................................................160

本章小結..............................................................................................................................................164

習題6.............................................................................................................................................165

第7 章資料庫套用開發—過程、平台與實例··············································································166

7.1 資料庫套用系統的開發過程...................................................................................................166

7.2 資料庫套用系統的體系結構...................................................................................................168

7.2.1 單用戶模式.....................................................................................................................168

7.2.2 主從式多用戶模式........................................................................................................168

7.2.3 C/S 模式..........................................................................................................................168

7.2.4 B/S 模式..........................................................................................................................169

7.3 常用的資料庫系統....................................................................................................................170

7.3.1 SQL Server......................................................................................................................170

7.3.2 Oracle ..............................................................................................................................172

7.3.3 Sybase..............................................................................................................................173

7.3.4 DB2 .................................................................................................................................173

7.3.5 MySQL............................................................................................................................174

·IX·

7.3.6 VFP..................................................................................................................................174

7.3.7 Access..............................................................................................................................174

7.3.8 SQLite .............................................................................................................................175

7.3.9 資料庫系統的選擇........................................................................................................175

7.4 常用資料庫套用開發工具簡介...............................................................................................175

7.4.1 Visual Studio ...................................................................................................................176

7.4.2 Eclipse .............................................................................................................................176

7.5 C#資料庫套用開發...................................................................................................................177

7.5.1 C#程式設計概述...........................................................................................................177

7.5.2 ADO.NET 資料庫套用技術.........................................................................................183

7.5.3 C#資料庫套用系統開發案例—商品訂購管理系統.............................................191

7.6 Java 資料庫套用開發................................................................................................................203

7.6.1 JDBC 資料庫訪問流程.................................................................................................203

7.6.2 結果集（ResultSet）.....................................................................................................208

7.6.3 JDBC 資料庫編程.........................................................................................................210

7.6.4 Java 資料庫套用系統開發案例—商品訂購管理系統.........................................223

本章小結..............................................................................................................................................232

習題7...................................................................................................................................................232

第8 章資料庫保護—資料庫管理基礎·····································234

8.1 資料庫保護概述........................................................................................................................234

8.2 資料庫安全................................................................................................................................235

8.2.1 資料庫安全保護範圍....................................................................................................235

8.2.2 資料庫安全性目標........................................................................................................235

8.2.3 資料庫安全控制............................................................................................................236

8.2.4 SQL Server 的安全機制................................................................................................238

8.3 資料庫完整性............................................................................................................................243

8.3.1 完整性概念.....................................................................................................................243

8.3.2 DBMS 的完整性控制...................................................................................................245

8.3.3 SQL Server 的完整性機制............................................................................................246

8.4 並發控制.....................................................................................................................................250

8.4.1 事務.................................................................................................................................250

8.4.2 事務的並發執行............................................................................................................252

8.4.3 並發調度的可串列化....................................................................................................253

8.4.4 封鎖.................................................................................................................................253

8.4.5 活鎖與死鎖.....................................................................................................................255

8.4.6 SQL Server 的事務處理和鎖機制...............................................................................256

8.5 資料庫恢復................................................................................................................................260

8.5.1 故障種類.........................................................................................................................260

8.5.2 資料庫恢復技術............................................................................................................260

·X·

8.5.3 SQL Server 的恢復技術................................................................................................263

本章小結..............................................................................................................................................265

習題8...................................................................................................................................................265

第9 章資料庫新進展—領域知識拓展··············································································266

9.1 資料庫技術的研究與發展.......................................................................................................266

9.1.1 資料庫技術的發展........................................................................................................266

9.1.2 資料庫發展的特點........................................................................................................267

9.1.3 資料庫技術的研究方向................................................................................................268

9.2 數據倉庫與數據挖掘................................................................................................................271

9.2.1 數據倉庫.........................................................................................................................271

9.2.2 數據挖掘.........................................................................................................................272

9.2.3 數據倉庫與數據挖掘....................................................................................................274

9.3 XML 數據管理..........................................................................................................................275

9.3.1 XML 概述.......................................................................................................................275

9.3.2 XML 數據模型..............................................................................................................275

9.3.3 XML 數據查詢..............................................................................................................278

9.3.4 SQL Server 中XML 數據處理....................................................................................278

9.4 非關係型資料庫（NoSQL）...................................................................................................280

9.4.1 NoSQL 概念...................................................................................................................280

9.4.2 NoSQL 架構...................................................................................................................281

9.4.3 CAP 理論........................................................................................................................281

本章小結..............................................................................................................................................282

習題9...................................................................................................................................................282

附錄A 實驗指導·····································································································283

附錄B 課程設計指導································································································310

附錄C T-SQL 常用語句·································································································314

參考文獻·····························································································································316

資料庫基礎教程（SQL Server 平台）（第2版）

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