囊括了所有著名的經典原著，但與此同時，它又擴展了傳統的評價尺度，以便能夠納入範圍廣泛、不那么出名的作品。每一本書都有一個評論性的導言，加上歷史年表、生平梗概、進一步閱讀指南，以及必要的辭彙表和原文註解。
基本介紹
- 書名：論政府原理
- 作者：英薩爾茲伯利的約翰
- 出版日期：2003年7月1日
- 語種：英語
- ISBN：7562023972
- 外文名：Policraticus
- 出版社：中國政法大學出版社
- 頁數：240頁
- 開本：32
- 品牌：中國政法大學出版社
作者簡介,圖書目錄,文摘,
作者簡介
作者：(英國)英薩爾茲伯利的約翰
John of Salisbury(c 1115-1180)Was the foremost political theorist of his age. .He was trained in scholastic theology and philosophy，and his writings are invaluable as a summary of many of the metaphysical speculations of his time.
The Policraticus is his main work，and is regarded as the first complete work of political theory to be written in the Latin Middle Ages。Cary Nederman’s new edition and translation，currently the only available version in English，is primarily aimed at undergraduate students of the history of political thought and medieval history. His new translation show the importance of this text in understanding the mores, forms of conduct and beliefs of the most powerful and learned segments of twelfth-century Western Europe.
Endeavouring to reform the education of clerics like himself, John of Salisbury touches on many important themes in political thought, including the nature of justice and law, the foundations of social and political organization, and tyranny and its consequences. A work in the mirror-for-princes genre, the Policraticus was also seen by contemporaries as an advice book for courtiers and sudjects，as well as a survey of the ideals and aspirations of the twelfth-century church and court.
John of Salisbury(c 1115-1180)Was the foremost political theorist of his age. .He was trained in scholastic theology and philosophy，and his writings are invaluable as a summary of many of the metaphysical speculations of his time.
The Policraticus is his main work，and is regarded as the first complete work of political theory to be written in the Latin Middle Ages。Cary Nederman’s new edition and translation，currently the only available version in English，is primarily aimed at undergraduate students of the history of political thought and medieval history. His new translation show the importance of this text in understanding the mores, forms of conduct and beliefs of the most powerful and learned segments of twelfth-century Western Europe.
Endeavouring to reform the education of clerics like himself, John of Salisbury touches on many important themes in political thought, including the nature of justice and law, the foundations of social and political organization, and tyranny and its consequences. A work in the mirror-for-princes genre, the Policraticus was also seen by contemporaries as an advice book for courtiers and sudjects，as well as a survey of the ideals and aspirations of the twelfth-century church and court.
圖書目錄
Contents
Acknowledgements
Editor’s introduction
Bibliographical note
Principal events in the life of John of Salisbury
Prologue
BOOK Ⅰ
Chapter 1 What most harms the fortunate
Chapter 2 In what consists devotion to unsuitable goals
Chapter 3 The distribution of duties according to the political constitution of the ancients
BOOKⅢ
Prologue
Chapter 1 Of the universal and public welfare
Chapter 3 That pride is the root of all evil and passionate desire
a general leprosy which infects all
Chapter 4 The flatterer，the toady and the cajoler，than whom none is more pernicious
Chapter 6 The multiplication of flatterers is beyond number and pushes
out of distinguished houses those who are honourable
Chapter 10 That the Romans are dedicated to vanity and what the ends of tterers are
Chapter 15 That it is only permitted to flatter him who it is permitted toslay；and that the tyrant is a public enemy
BOOKⅣ
Prologue
Chapter 1 On the difference between the prince and the tyrant，and whatthe prince is
Chapter 2 What law is；and that the prince，although he is an absolutely
binding law unto himself，still is the servant of law and equity，
the bearer of the public persona，and sheds blood blamelessly
Chapter 3 That the prince is a minister of priests and their inferior；and
what it is for rulers to perform their ministry faithfully
Chapter 4 That the authority of divine law consists in the prince being
subject to the justice of law
Chapter 5 That the prince must be chaste and shun avarice
Chapter 6 That the ruler must have the law of God always before his mind and
eyes，and he is to be proficient in letters，and he is to receive
counsel from men of letters
Chapter 7 That the fear of God should be taught，and humility should exist，
and this humility should be protected so that the authority of the
prince is not diminished; and that some precepts are flexible，
others inflexible
Chapter 8 Of the moderation of the prince’s justice and mercy，which should
be temperately mixed for the utility of the republic
Chapter 9 What it is to stray to the right or to the left，which is forbidden
to the prince
Chapter 10 What utility princes may acquire from the cultivation of justice
Chapter11 What are the other rewards of princes
Chapter12 By what cause rulership and kingdoms are transferred
BOOKⅤ
Prologue
Chapter 1 Pligarch’s letter instructing Trajan
Chapter 2 According to Plutarch，what a republic is and what place is held in
it by the soul of the members
Chapter 3 What is principally directed by Oligarch’s plan…
Chapter 6 Of the prince，who is the head of the republic，and his election，
and privileges，and the rewards of virtue and sin；and that blessed
Job should be imitated；and of the virtue of blessed Job
Chapter 7 What bad and good happen to subjects on account of the morals of
princes；and that the examples of some stratagems strengthen this
Chapter 8 Why Trajan seems to be preferable to all others
Chapter 9 Of those who hold the place of the heart，and that the iniquitous
are prevented from counselling the powerful，and of the fear of God，
and wisdom，and philosophy
Chapter 10 Of the flanks of the powerful，whose needs are to be satisfied and
whose malice is to be restrained
Chapter 11 Of the eyes，ears and tongue of the powerful, and of the duties of
governing, and that judges ought to have knowledge of right and
equity，a good will and the power of execution，and that they should
be bound by oath to the laws and should be distanced from the taint
of presents
Chapter 15 What pertains to the sacred calling of proconsuls, governors and
ordinary justices，and to what extent it is permitted to reach out
for gifts；and of Cicero，Bernard, Martin and Geoffrey of Chartres
Chapter 17 Money is condemned in favour of wisdom；this is also approved by the
examples of the ancient philosophers
BOOKⅥ
Prologue
Chapter 1 That the Hand of the republic is either armed or unarmed；and which one
is unarmed, and regarding its duties
Chapter 2 That military service requires selection，knowledge and practice
Chapter 6 What ills arise from disregard by our countrymen for the selection of
soldiers， and how Harold tamed the Welsh
Chapter 7 What is the formula of the oath of the soldier，and that no one is
permitted to serve in the army without it
Chapter 8 The armed soldier is by necessity bound to religion，in just the way
that the clergy is consecrated in obedience to God；and that just as
the title of soldier is one of labour，so it is one of honour
Chapter 9 That faith is owed to God in preference to any man whomsoever，and
man is not served unless God is served
Chapter 18 The examples of recent history，and how King Henry the Second
quelled the disturbances and violence under King Stephen and pacified
the island
Chapter 19 Of the honour to be exhibited by soldiers，and of the modesty
to be shown；and who are the transmitters of the military arts，and
of certain of their general precepts
Chapter 20 Who are the feet of the republic and regarding the care devoted to them
Chapter 21 The republic is arranged according to its resemblance to nature, and
its arrangement is derived from the bees
Chapter 22 That without prudence and forethought no magistracy remains intact，
nor does that republic flourish the head of which is impaired
Chapter 24 The vices of the powerful are to be tolerated because with them rwsts
the prospect of public safety，and because they are the dispensers of
safety just as the stomach in the body of animals dispenses nourishment，
and this is by the judgment of the Lord Adrian
Chapter 25 Of the coherence of the head and the members of the republic；and that
the prince is a sort of image of the deity，and of the crime of high
treason and of that which is to be kept in fidelity
Chapter 26 That vices are to be endured or removed and are distinguished from
flagrant crimes； and certain general matters about the office of how
much reverence is to be displayed towards him
Chapter 29 That the people are moulded by the merits of the prince and the
government is moulded by the merits of the people, and every creature
is subdued and serves man at God’s pleasure
BOOKⅦ
Prologue
Chapter 1 That the Academics are more modest than other philosophers whose rashness
blinds them so that they are given to false beliefs
Chapter 2 Of the errors of the Academics；and who among them it is permitted to
imitate; and those matters which are doubtful to the wise man
Chapter 7 That some things are demonstrated by the authority of the senses, others
by reason, others by religion；and that faith in any doctrine is justified
by some stable basis that need not be demonstrated；and that some things
are known by the learned themselves, others by the uncultivated；and to
what extent there is to be doubt；and that stubbornness most often impedes
the examination of truth
Chapter 8 That virtue is the unique path to being a philosopher and to advancing
towards happiness；and of the three degrees of aspirants and of the
three schools of philosophers
Chapter 11 What it is to be a true philosopher；and the end towards which all writings
are directed in their aim
Chapter 17 Of ambition, and that passion accompanies foolishness；and what is the
origin of tyranny；and of the diverse paths of the ambitious
Chapter 21 Of hypocrites who endeavour to conceal the disgrace of ambition under the
false pretext of religion
Chapter 25 Of the love and acclaim of liberty；and of those ancestors who endured
patiently free speaking of the mind；and of the difference between an
offence and a taunt
BOOKⅧ
Prologue
Chapter 12 that some long to be modelled after beasts and insensate creatures；and how
much humanity is to be afforded to slaves；and of the pleasures of three senses
Chapter 16 Of the four rivers which spring for Epicureans from the fount of lustfulness
and which create a deluge by which the world is nearly submerged；and if the
opposite waters and the garments of Esau
Chapter 17 In what way the tyrant differs from the prince；and of the tyranny of priests；
and in what way a shepherd, a thief and an employee differ from one another
Chapter 18 Tyrants are the Ministers of God; and what a tyrant is；and of the moral
characters of Gaius Caligula and his nephew Nero and each of their ends
Chapter 20 That by the authority of the divine book it is lawful and glorious to kill
public tyrants，so long as the murderer is not obligated to the tyrant by
fealty nor otherwise lets justice or honour slip
Chapter 21 All tyrants reach a miserable end；and that God exercises punishment against
them if the human hand refrains，and this is evident from Julian the Apostate
and Many examples in sacred scripture
Chapter 22 Of Gideon，the model for rulers，and Antiochus
Chapter 23 The counsel of Brutus is to be used against those who not only fight but
battle schismatically for the supreme pontificate；and that nothing is
calm for tyrants
Chapter 25 What is the most faithful path to be followed towards what the Epicureans
desire and promise
Index
Acknowledgements
Editor’s introduction
Bibliographical note
Principal events in the life of John of Salisbury
Prologue
BOOK Ⅰ
Chapter 1 What most harms the fortunate
Chapter 2 In what consists devotion to unsuitable goals
Chapter 3 The distribution of duties according to the political constitution of the ancients
BOOKⅢ
Prologue
Chapter 1 Of the universal and public welfare
Chapter 3 That pride is the root of all evil and passionate desire
a general leprosy which infects all
Chapter 4 The flatterer，the toady and the cajoler，than whom none is more pernicious
Chapter 6 The multiplication of flatterers is beyond number and pushes
out of distinguished houses those who are honourable
Chapter 10 That the Romans are dedicated to vanity and what the ends of tterers are
Chapter 15 That it is only permitted to flatter him who it is permitted toslay；and that the tyrant is a public enemy
BOOKⅣ
Prologue
Chapter 1 On the difference between the prince and the tyrant，and whatthe prince is
Chapter 2 What law is；and that the prince，although he is an absolutely
binding law unto himself，still is the servant of law and equity，
the bearer of the public persona，and sheds blood blamelessly
Chapter 3 That the prince is a minister of priests and their inferior；and
what it is for rulers to perform their ministry faithfully
Chapter 4 That the authority of divine law consists in the prince being
subject to the justice of law
Chapter 5 That the prince must be chaste and shun avarice
Chapter 6 That the ruler must have the law of God always before his mind and
eyes，and he is to be proficient in letters，and he is to receive
counsel from men of letters
Chapter 7 That the fear of God should be taught，and humility should exist，
and this humility should be protected so that the authority of the
prince is not diminished; and that some precepts are flexible，
others inflexible
Chapter 8 Of the moderation of the prince’s justice and mercy，which should
be temperately mixed for the utility of the republic
Chapter 9 What it is to stray to the right or to the left，which is forbidden
to the prince
Chapter 10 What utility princes may acquire from the cultivation of justice
Chapter11 What are the other rewards of princes
Chapter12 By what cause rulership and kingdoms are transferred
BOOKⅤ
Prologue
Chapter 1 Pligarch’s letter instructing Trajan
Chapter 2 According to Plutarch，what a republic is and what place is held in
it by the soul of the members
Chapter 3 What is principally directed by Oligarch’s plan…
Chapter 6 Of the prince，who is the head of the republic，and his election，
and privileges，and the rewards of virtue and sin；and that blessed
Job should be imitated；and of the virtue of blessed Job
Chapter 7 What bad and good happen to subjects on account of the morals of
princes；and that the examples of some stratagems strengthen this
Chapter 8 Why Trajan seems to be preferable to all others
Chapter 9 Of those who hold the place of the heart，and that the iniquitous
are prevented from counselling the powerful，and of the fear of God，
and wisdom，and philosophy
Chapter 10 Of the flanks of the powerful，whose needs are to be satisfied and
whose malice is to be restrained
Chapter 11 Of the eyes，ears and tongue of the powerful, and of the duties of
governing, and that judges ought to have knowledge of right and
equity，a good will and the power of execution，and that they should
be bound by oath to the laws and should be distanced from the taint
of presents
Chapter 15 What pertains to the sacred calling of proconsuls, governors and
ordinary justices，and to what extent it is permitted to reach out
for gifts；and of Cicero，Bernard, Martin and Geoffrey of Chartres
Chapter 17 Money is condemned in favour of wisdom；this is also approved by the
examples of the ancient philosophers
BOOKⅥ
Prologue
Chapter 1 That the Hand of the republic is either armed or unarmed；and which one
is unarmed, and regarding its duties
Chapter 2 That military service requires selection，knowledge and practice
Chapter 6 What ills arise from disregard by our countrymen for the selection of
soldiers， and how Harold tamed the Welsh
Chapter 7 What is the formula of the oath of the soldier，and that no one is
permitted to serve in the army without it
Chapter 8 The armed soldier is by necessity bound to religion，in just the way
that the clergy is consecrated in obedience to God；and that just as
the title of soldier is one of labour，so it is one of honour
Chapter 9 That faith is owed to God in preference to any man whomsoever，and
man is not served unless God is served
Chapter 18 The examples of recent history，and how King Henry the Second
quelled the disturbances and violence under King Stephen and pacified
the island
Chapter 19 Of the honour to be exhibited by soldiers，and of the modesty
to be shown；and who are the transmitters of the military arts，and
of certain of their general precepts
Chapter 20 Who are the feet of the republic and regarding the care devoted to them
Chapter 21 The republic is arranged according to its resemblance to nature, and
its arrangement is derived from the bees
Chapter 22 That without prudence and forethought no magistracy remains intact，
nor does that republic flourish the head of which is impaired
Chapter 24 The vices of the powerful are to be tolerated because with them rwsts
the prospect of public safety，and because they are the dispensers of
safety just as the stomach in the body of animals dispenses nourishment，
and this is by the judgment of the Lord Adrian
Chapter 25 Of the coherence of the head and the members of the republic；and that
the prince is a sort of image of the deity，and of the crime of high
treason and of that which is to be kept in fidelity
Chapter 26 That vices are to be endured or removed and are distinguished from
flagrant crimes； and certain general matters about the office of how
much reverence is to be displayed towards him
Chapter 29 That the people are moulded by the merits of the prince and the
government is moulded by the merits of the people, and every creature
is subdued and serves man at God’s pleasure
BOOKⅦ
Prologue
Chapter 1 That the Academics are more modest than other philosophers whose rashness
blinds them so that they are given to false beliefs
Chapter 2 Of the errors of the Academics；and who among them it is permitted to
imitate; and those matters which are doubtful to the wise man
Chapter 7 That some things are demonstrated by the authority of the senses, others
by reason, others by religion；and that faith in any doctrine is justified
by some stable basis that need not be demonstrated；and that some things
are known by the learned themselves, others by the uncultivated；and to
what extent there is to be doubt；and that stubbornness most often impedes
the examination of truth
Chapter 8 That virtue is the unique path to being a philosopher and to advancing
towards happiness；and of the three degrees of aspirants and of the
three schools of philosophers
Chapter 11 What it is to be a true philosopher；and the end towards which all writings
are directed in their aim
Chapter 17 Of ambition, and that passion accompanies foolishness；and what is the
origin of tyranny；and of the diverse paths of the ambitious
Chapter 21 Of hypocrites who endeavour to conceal the disgrace of ambition under the
false pretext of religion
Chapter 25 Of the love and acclaim of liberty；and of those ancestors who endured
patiently free speaking of the mind；and of the difference between an
offence and a taunt
BOOKⅧ
Prologue
Chapter 12 that some long to be modelled after beasts and insensate creatures；and how
much humanity is to be afforded to slaves；and of the pleasures of three senses
Chapter 16 Of the four rivers which spring for Epicureans from the fount of lustfulness
and which create a deluge by which the world is nearly submerged；and if the
opposite waters and the garments of Esau
Chapter 17 In what way the tyrant differs from the prince；and of the tyranny of priests；
and in what way a shepherd, a thief and an employee differ from one another
Chapter 18 Tyrants are the Ministers of God; and what a tyrant is；and of the moral
characters of Gaius Caligula and his nephew Nero and each of their ends
Chapter 20 That by the authority of the divine book it is lawful and glorious to kill
public tyrants，so long as the murderer is not obligated to the tyrant by
fealty nor otherwise lets justice or honour slip
Chapter 21 All tyrants reach a miserable end；and that God exercises punishment against
them if the human hand refrains，and this is evident from Julian the Apostate
and Many examples in sacred scripture
Chapter 22 Of Gideon，the model for rulers，and Antiochus
Chapter 23 The counsel of Brutus is to be used against those who not only fight but
battle schismatically for the supreme pontificate；and that nothing is
calm for tyrants
Chapter 25 What is the most faithful path to be followed towards what the Epicureans
desire and promise
Index
文摘
There is wholly or mainly this difference between the tyrant and theprince: that the latter is obedient to law, and rules his people by a willthat places itself at their service, and administers rewards andburdens within the republic under the guidance of law in a wayfavourable to the vindication of his eminent post, so that he proceedsbefore others to the extent that, while individuals merely look afterindividual affairs, princes are concerned with the burdens of theentire community. Hence, there is deservedly conferred on himpower over all his subjects, in order that he may be sufficient inhimself to seek out and bring about the utility of each and all, and thathe may arrange the optimal condition of the human republic, so thateveryone is a member of the others. In this, nature, that best guide toliving, is to be followed, since it is nature which has lodged all of thesenses in the head as a microcosm, that is, a little world, of man, andhas subjected to it the totality of the members in order that all of themmay move correctly provided that the will of a sound head is followed.The prince is raised to the apex and becomes illustrious, therefore, asa result of his many and great privileges which are as numerous andextensive as are thought to be necessary for him. Certainly this isproper because nothing is useful to the people except that whichfulfills the needs of the prince, since his will should never be foundopposed to justice. Therefore, according to the general definition, the prince is thepublic power and a certain image on earth of the divine majesty.Beyond doubt the greatest part of the divine virtue is revealed tobelong to the prince, in so far as at his nod men bow their heads andgenerally offer their necks to the axe in sacrifice, and by divineimpulse everyone fears him who is fear itself. I do not believe that thiscould have happened unless it happened at the divine command. Forall power is from the Lord God, and is with Him always, and is Hisforever. Whatever the prince can do, therefore, is from God, so thatpower does not depart from God, but it is used as a substitute for Hishand, making all things learn His justice and mercy.
