西爾斯當代大學物理（英文版原書12版）

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本書自1949年首次出版以來，歷經半個多世紀，在舉多影物理教育的探索與創新方面一直發揮著先導作用，其許多可圈可點的特色在美付蘭頸院國乃至世界其他國家，影響了一代又一代的大學師生，是當今世界發行量最大邀棗譽擊的主流教材之烏臘諒一。本書是第12版，它很好葛符簽地繼承了最暢銷的第11版不斷創新和精心製作的傳統，在充分吸收教育研究優秀思想的基礎上，它強化了解題指導，並提供先進、形象的概念教學法鞏龍背，系統性很強的習題，被實際教學證明有效和得到廣泛套用的教學輔導與作業線上系統。

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DETAILED CONTENTS

MECHANICS

1 UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS 1

1.1 The Nature of Physics 2

1.2 Solving Physics Problems 2

1.3 Standards and Units 4

1.4 Unit Consistency and Conversions 6

1.5 Uncertainty and Signi.cant Figures 8

1.6 Estimates and Orders of Magnitude 10

1.7 Vectors and Vector Addition 11

1.8 Components of Vectors 15

1.9 Unit Vectors 20

1.10 Products of Vectors 21

Summary/Key Terms 27

Questions/Exercises/Problems 28

2 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE 36

2.1 Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity 37

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity 39

2.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration 43

2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration 47

2.5 Freely Falling Bodies 53

*2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration 57

Summary/Key Terms 60

Questions/Exercises/Problems 61

3 MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS 71

3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors 72

3.2 The Acceleration Vector 74

3.3 Projectile Motion 79

3.4 Motion in a Circle 87

3.5 Relative Velocity 91

Summary/Key Terms 96

Questions/Exercises/Problems 97

4 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 107

4.1 Force and Interactions 108

4.2 Newton’s First Law 111

4.3 Newton’s Second Law 115

4.4 Mass and Weight 120

4.5 Newton’s Third Law 123

4.6 Free-Body Diagrams 126

Summary/Key Terms 129

Questions/Exercises/Problems 130

5 APPLYING NEWTON’院懂S LAWS 136

5.1 Using Newton’s First Law: Particles in Equilibrium 136

5.2 Using Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles 142

5.3 Frictional Forces 149

5.4 Dynamics of Circular Motion 158

*5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature 163

Summary/Key Terms 165

Questions/Exercises/Problems 166

6 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY 181

6.1 Work 182

6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem 186

6.3 Work and Energy with Varying Forces 192

6.4 Power 199

Summary/Key Terms 202

Questions/Exercises/Problems 203

7 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION 213

7.1 Gravitational Potential Energy 214

7.2 Elastic Potential Energy 222

7.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 229

7.4 Force and Potential Energy 232

7.5 Energy Diagrams 235

Summary/Key Terms 237

Questions/Exercises/Problems 238

8 MOMENTUM, IMPULSE, AND COLLISIONS 247

8.1 Momentum and Impulse 247

8.2 Conservation of Momentum 253

8.3 Momentum Conservation and Collisions 257

8.4 Elastic Collisions 262

8.5 Center of Mass 266

*8.6 Rocket Propulsion 270

Summary/Key Terms 273

Questions/Exercises/Problems 274

9 ROTATION OF RIGID BODIES 285

9.1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration 285

9.2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 290

9.3 Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics 293

9.4 Energy in Rotational Motion 296

9.5 Parallel-Axis Theorem 301

*9.6 Moment-of-Inertia Calculations303

Summary/Key 306

TermsQuestions/Exercises/Problems307

10 DYNAMICS OF ROTATIONAL MOTION 316

10.1 Torque 316

10.2 Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body 319

10.3 Rigid-Body Rotation About a Moving Axis 323

10.4 Work and Power in Rotational Motion 329

10.5 Angular Momentum 331

10.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum 333

10.7 Gyroscopes and Precession 337

Summary/Key Terms 341

Questions/Exercises/Problems 343

11 EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY 354

11.1 Conditions for Equilibrium355

11.2 Center of Gravity355

11.3 Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems 358

11.4 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli 363

11.5 Elasticity and Plasticity 368

Summary/Key Terms 370

Questions/Exercises/Problems 371

12 GRAVITATION 383

12.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 383

12.2 Weight 388

12.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 390

12.4 The Motion of Satellites 393

12.5 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets 396

*12.6 Spherical Mass Distributions 400

*12.7 Apparent Weight and the Earth’s Rotation 403

12.8 Black Holes 405

Summary/Key Terms 410

Questions/Exercises/Problems 411

13 PERIODIC MOTION 419

13.1 Describing Oscillation 419

13.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 421

13.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 428

13.4 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion 432

13.5 The Simple Pendulum 436

13.6 The Physical Pendulum 438

13.7 Damped Oscillations 440

13.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 442

Summary/Key Terms 445

Questions/Exercises/Problems 447

14 FLUID MECHANICS 456

14.1 Density 456

14.2 Pressure in a Fluid 458

14.3 Buoyancy 463

14.4 Fluid Flow 466

14.5 Bernoulli’s Equation 468

*14.6 Viscosity and Turbulence 472

Summary/Key Terms 476

Questions/Exercises/Problems 477

WAVES/ACOUSTICS

15 MECHANICAL WAVES 487

15.1 Types of Mechanical Waves 488

15.2 Periodic Waves 489

15.3 Mathematical Description of a Wave 492

15.4 Speed of a Transverse Wave 498

15.5 Energy in Wave Motion 502

15.6 Wave Interference, Boundary Conditions, and Superposition 505

15.7 Standing Waves on a String 507

15.8 Normal Modes of a String 511

Summary/Key Terms 516

Questions/Exercises/Problems 518

16 SOUND AND HEARING 527

16.1 Sound Waves 527

16.2 Speed of Sound Waves 532

16.3 Sound Intensity 537

16.4 Standing Sound Waves and Normal Modes 541

16.5 Resonance and Sound 546

16.6 Interference of Waves 548

16.7 Beats 550

16.8 The Doppler Effect 552

*16.9 Shock Waves 558

Summary/Key Terms 561

Questions/Exercises/Problems 563

THERMODYNAMICS

17 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT 570

17.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium 571

17.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales 572

17.3 Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale 574

17.4 Thermal Expansion 576

17.5 Quantity of Heat 582

17.6 Calorimetry and Phase Changes 586

17.7 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 591

Summary/Key Terms 598

Questions/Exercises/Problems 600

18 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER 610

18.1 Equations of State 611

18.2 Molecular Properties of Matter 617

18.3 Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas 619

18.4 Heat Capacities 626

*18.5 Molecular Speeds 629

18.6 Phases of Matter 631

Summary/Key Terms 635

Questions/Exercises/Problems 637

19 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 646

19.1 Thermodynamic Systems 646

19.2 Work Done During Volume Changes 647

19.3 Paths Between Thermodynamic States 650

19.4 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics 651

19.5 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes 656

19.6 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas 658

19.7 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas 659

19.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 662

Summary/Key Terms 665

Questions/Exercises/Problems 667

20 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 673

20.1 Directions of Thermodynamic Processes 673

20.2 Heat Engines 675

20.3 Internal-Combustion Engines 678

20.4 Refrigerators 680

20.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 682

20.6 The Carnot Cycle 684

20.7 Entropy 690

*20.8 Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy 697

Summary/Key Terms 700

Questions/Exercises/Problems 702

Detailed Contents (下冊)

ELECTROMAGNETISM

21 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD 709

21.1 Electric Charge 710

21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges713

21.3 Coulomb’s Law 716

21.4 Electric Field and Electric Forces 721

21.5 Electric-Field Calculations 727

21.6 Electric Field Lines 733

21.7 Electric Dipoles 735

Summary/Key Terms 739

Questions/Exercises/Problems 741

22 GAUSS’S LAW750

22.1 Charge and Electric Flux 750

22.2 Calculating Electric Flux 753

22.3 Gauss’s Law 757

22.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law 761

22.5 Charges on Conductors 767

Summary/Key Terms 772

Questions/Exercises/Problems 773

23 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 780

23.1 Electric Potential Energy 780

23.2 Electric Potential 787

23.3 Calculating Electric Potential 794

23.4 Equipotential Surfaces 798

23.5 Potential Gradient 801

Summary/Key Terms 804

Questions/Exercises/Problems 805

24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS 815

24.1 Capacitors and Capacitance 816

24.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 820

24.3 Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy 824

24.4 Dielectrics 828

*24.5 Molecular Model of Induced Charge 833

*24.6 Gauss’s Law in Dielectrics 835

Summary/Key Terms 837

Questions/Exercises/Problems 838

25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 846

25.1 Current 847

25.2 Resistivity 850

25.3 Resistance 853

25.4 Electromotive Force and Circuits 857

25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits 863

*25.6 Theory of Metallic Conduction 867

Summary/Key Terms 871

Questions/Exercises/Problems 872

26 DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS 881

26.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel 881

26.2 Kirchhoff’s Rules 886

26.3 Electrical Measuring Instruments 891

26.4 R-C Circuits 896

26.5 Power Distribution Systems 900

Summary/Key Terms 905

Questions/Exercises/Problems 906

27 MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FORCES 916

27.1 Magnetism 916

27.2 Magnetic Field 918

27.3 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux 922

27.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field 925

27.5 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles 929

27.6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 932

27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop 935

*27.8 The Direct-Current Motor 941

*27.9 The Hall Effect 943

Summary/Key Terms 945

Questions/Exercises/Problems 947

28 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD 957

28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge 957

28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element 960

28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor 962

28.4 Force Between Parallel Conductors 965

28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop 967

28.6 Ampere’s Law 969

28.7 Applications of Ampere’s Law 973

*28.8 Magnetic Materials 976

Summary/Key Terms 982

Questions/Exercises/Problems 984

29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION993

29.1 Induction Experiments 994

29.2 Faraday’s Law 996 29.3 Lenz’s Law 1004

29.4 Motional Electromotive Force 1006

29.5 Induced Electric Fields 1008

*29.6 Eddy Currents 1011

29.7 Displacement Current and Maxwell’s Equations 1013

*29.8 Superconductivity 1017

Summary/Key Terms 1019

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1020

30 INDUCTANCE 1030

30.1 Mutual Inductance 1030

30.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors 1034

30.3 Inductors and Magnetic-Field Energy 1038

30.4 The R-L Circuit 1041

30.5 The L-C Circuit 1045

30.6 The L-R-C Series Circuit 1049

Summary/Key Terms 1052

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1053

31 ALTERNATING CURRENT 1061

31.1 Phasors and Alternating Currents 1061

31.2 Resistance and Reactance 1064

31.3 The L-R-C Series Circuit 1070

31.4 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 1074

31.5 Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits 1077

31.6 Transformers 1080

Summary/Key Terms 1084

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1085

32 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 1092

32.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 1093

32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light 1096

32.3 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves 1101

32.4 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves 1106

32.5 Standing Electromagnetic Waves 1111

Summary/Key Terms 1115

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1116

OPTICS

33 THE NATURE AND PROPAGATION OF LIGHT 1121

33.1 The Nature of Light 1121

33.2 Re.ection and Refraction 1123

33.3 Total Internal Re.ection 1129

*33.4 Dispersion 1132

33.5 Polarization 1133

*33.6 Scattering of Light 1142

33.7 Huygens’s Principle 1144

Summary/Key Terms 1147

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1149

34 GEOMETRIC OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 1157

34.1 Re.ection and Refraction at a Plane Surface 1157

34.2 Re.ection at a Spherical Surface 1161

34.3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 1169

34.4 Thin Lenses 1174

34.5 Cameras 1182

34.6 The Eye 1185

34.7 The Magni.er 1189

34.8 Microscopes and Telescopes 1191

Summary/Key Terms 1196

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1198

35 INTERFERENCE 1207

35.1 Interference and Coherent Sources 1208

35.2 Two-Source Interference of Light 1211

35.3 Intensity in Interference Patterns 1214

35.4 Interference in Thin Films 1218

35.5 The Michelson Interferometer 1224

Summary/Key Terms 1227

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1228

36 DIFFRACTION 1234

36.1 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction 1235

36.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit 1236

36.3 Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern 1239

36.4 Multiple Slits 1243

36.5 The Diffraction Grating 1246

36.6 X-Ray Diffraction 1250

36.7 Circular Apertures and Resolving Power 1253

*36.8 Holography 1256

Summary/Key Terms 1259

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1260

MODERN PHYSICS

37 RELATIVITY 1268

37.1 Invariance of Physical Laws 1268

37.2 Relativity of Simultaneity 1272

37.3 Relativity of Time Intervals 1274

37.4 Relativity of Length 1278

37.5 The Lorentz Transformation 1283

*37.6 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves 1287

37.7 Relativistic Momentum 1289

37.8 Relativistic Work and Energy 1292

37.9 Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity 1295

Summary/Key Terms 1298

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1300

38 PHOTONS, ELECTRONS, AND ATOMS 1307

38.1 Emission and Absorption of Light 1307

38.2 The Photoelectric Effect 1309

38.3 Atomic Line Spectra and Energy Levels 1314

38.4 The Nuclear Atom 1319

38.5 The Bohr Model 1322

38.6 The Laser 1327

38.7 X-Ray Production and Scattering 1330

38.8 Continuous Spectra 1334

38.9 Wave–Particle Duality 1338

Summary/Key Terms 1340

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1342

39 THE WAVE NATURE OF PARTICLES 1349

39.1 De Broglie Waves 1350

39.2 Electron Diffraction 1352

39.3 Probability and Uncertainty 1355

39.4 The Electron Microscope 1360

39.5 Wave Functions and the Schr.dinger Equation 1361

Summary/Key Terms 1368

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1369

40 QUANTUM MECHANICS 1375

40.1 Particle in a Box 1375

40.2 Potential Wells 1380

40.3 Potential Barriers and Tunneling 1384

40.4 The Harmonic Oscillator 1387

40.5 Three-Dimensional Problems 1392

Summary/Key Terms 1394

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1395

41 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 1401

41.1 The Hydrogen Atom 1401

41.2 The Zeeman Effect 1409

41.3 Electron Spin 1413

41.4 Many-Electron Atoms and the Exclusion Principle 1417

41.5 X-Ray Spectra 1423

Summary/Key Terms 1427

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1428

42 MOLECULES AND CONDENSED MATTER 1433

42.1 Types of Molecular Bonds 1433

42.2 Molecular Spectra 1436

42.3 Structure of Solids 1441

42.4 Energy Bands 1445

42.5 Free-Electron Model of Metals 1447

42.6 Semiconductors 1452

42.7 Semiconductor Devices 1455

42.8 Superconductivity 1460

Summary/Key Terms 1461

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1462

43 NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1468

43.1 Properties of Nuclei 1468

43.2 Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure 1473

43.3 Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity 1478

43.4 Activities and Half-Lives 1485

43.5 Biological Effects of Radiation 1489

43.6 Nuclear Reactions 1492

43.7 Nuclear Fission 1494

43.8 Nuclear Fusion 1498

Summary/Key Terms 1502

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1503

44 PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY 1509

44.1 Fundamental Particles—A History 1509

44.2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors 1514

44.3 Particles and Interactions 1519

44.4 Quarks and the Eightfold Way 1525

44.5 The Standard Model and Beyond 1530

44.6 The Expanding Universe 1532

44.7 The Beginning of Time 1538

Summary/Key Terms 1547

Questions/Exercises/Problems 1548

APPENDICES

A The International System of Units A-1

B Useful Mathematical Relations A-3

C The Greek Alphabet A-4

D Periodic Table of Elements A-5

E Unit Conversion Factors A-6

F Numerical Constants A-7

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-9

Photo Credits C-1

Index I-1

西爾斯當代大學物理（英文版原書12版）

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