《西方哲學史：從蘇格拉底到薩特及其後》是2006年北京大學出版社出版的圖書，作者是（美）塞繆爾·E.斯塔姆（S.E.Stumpf）和詹姆斯·費舍爾（J.Fieser）。
基本介紹
內容簡介,作者簡介,目錄,
內容簡介
哲學史在很多方而就像史詩式的小說。可敬的先哲們為增慧後學，經過痛苦的思想砥礪，締造了哲學傳統。
在這巨大的哲學家族總會有一些“不安分子”(black—sheep)頻生事端、攪動倪牆，甚至觸怒當政者。哲學流派之間也經常針鋒相時、勢同水火，但卻從未真正分出勝負。這些對峙隨著傳奇一起代際相傳，表現為一種發展的進程。舊論棄如敝屣，新凋登堂入室，儘管有時候只是風行一時而已。
因此，正像一個大哲所說的，哲學史是觀念的歷險。這本書就是試圖勾勒出這齣大戲的線索。
作者簡介
塞繆爾·E.斯塔姆 畢業於芝加哥大學，獲博士學位。哈佛大學福特基金和牛津大學洛克菲勒資助學者。曾擔任梵德貝特大學哲學系系主任十五年之久，後一直在該大學教授法哲學和醫療哲學。斯塔姆教授在哲學領域涉獵廣泛，也是哲學界活躍的組織者。斯塔姆教授於1998年去世。
目錄
Preface 1
Part One
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY
Chaper I Socrates Predecessors 5
What Is Permanent in Existence? 7
Thales 7
Anaximander 8
Anaximenes 10
The Mathematical Basis of All Things 11
Pythagoras 11
Attempts to Explain Change 15
Heraclitus 15
Parmenides 18
Zeno 19
Empedocles 22
Anaxagoras 24
The Atomists 25
Atoms and the Void 26
Theory of Knowledge and Ethics 28
Chapter 2 The Sophists and Socrates 29
The Sophists 31
Protagoras 32
Gorgias 33
Thrasymachus 34
Socrates 34
Socrates Life 35
Socrates as a Philosopher 37
Socrates Theory of Knowledge： Intellectual Midwifery 39
Socrates Moral Thought 42
Socrates Trial and Death 43
Chapter 3 Plato 46
Platos Life 46
Theory of Knowledge 49
The Cave 49
The Divided Line 51
Theory of Forms 55
Moral Philosophy 59
The Concept of the Soul 59
The Cause of Evil： Ignorance or Forgetfulness 61
Recovering Lost Morality 62
Virtue as Fulfillment of Function 63
Political Philosophy 64
The State as a Giant Person 65
The Philosopher-King 66
The Virtues in the State 67
The Decline of the Ideal State 69
View of the Cosmos 71
Chapter 4 Aristotle 75
Aristotles Life 75
Logic 78
The Categories and the Starting Point of Reasoning 78
The Syllogism 79
Metaphysics 81
The Problem of Metaphysics Defined 81
Substance as the Primary Essence of Things 82
Matter and Form 83
The Process of Change： The Four Causes 84
Potentiality and Actuality 85
The Unmoved Mover 86
The Place of Humans： Physics， Biology， and Psychology 87
Physics 87
Biology 88
Psychology 88
Ethics 90
Types of "Ends" 90
The Function of Human Beings 91
Happiness as the End 92
Virtue as the Golden Mean 93
Deliberation and Choice 94
Contemplation 94
Politics 95
Types of States 96
Differences and Inequalities 96
Good Government and Revolution 97
Philosophy of Art 98
Part Two
HELLENISTIC AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 5 Classical Philosophy after Aristotle 103
Epicureanism 104
Physics and Ethics 105
God and Death 106
The Pleasure Principle 106
Individual Pleasure versus Social Duty 108
Stoicism 108
Wisdom and Control versus Pleasure 108
Stoic Theory of Knowledge 110
Matter as the Basis of All Reality 111
Good in Everything 111
Fate and Providence 112
Human Nature 112
Ethics and the Human Drama 112
The Problem of Freedom 113
Cosmopolitanism and Justice 114
Skepticism 114
The Senses Are Deceptive 117
More Rules Raise Doubts 117
Morality Possible without Intellectual Certainty 118
Plotinus 119
God as the One 120
The Metaphor of Emanation 121
Salvation 124
Chapter 6 Augustine 125
Augustines Life 125
Human Knowledge 128
Overcoming Skepticism 128
Knowledge and Sensation 128
The Theory of Illumination 131
God 132
The Created World 134
Creation from Nothing 134
The Seminal Principles 135
Moral Philosophy 135
The Role of Love 136
Free Will as the Cause of Evil 138
Justice 139
The History and the Two Cities 140
History 140
Chapter 7 Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages 142
Boethius 142
The Consolation of Philosophy 144
The Problem of Universals 144
Pseudo-Dionysius 146
John Scotus Erigena 148
The Division of Nature 148
New Solutions to the Problem of Universals 150
Odo and Guillaume： Exaggerated Realism 150
Roscellinus： Nominalism 151
Abelard： Conceptualism or Moderate Realism 152
Anselm s Ontological Argument 153
Anselms Realism 153
Ontological Argument 155
Gaunilons Rebuttal 156
Anselms Reply to Gaunilon 156
Faith and Reason in Muslim and Jewish Thought 156
Avicenna 157
Averro6s 159
Moses Maimonides 160
Chapter 8 Aquinas and his Late Medieval Successors 163
Aquinass Life 164
Bonaventura and the University of Paris 166
Philosophy and Theology 167
Faith and Reason 168
Proofs of Gods Existence 169
Proofs from Motion， Efficient Cause， and Necessary Being 169
Proofs from Perfection and Order 170
Assessment of the Proofs 171
Knowledge of Gods Nature 171
The Negative Way (Via Negativa) 172
Knowledge by Analogy 172
Creation 173
Is the Created Order Eternal? 173
Creation out of Nothing 174
Is This the Best Possible World? 174
Evil as Privation 174
The Range of Created Being： The Chain of Being 175
Morality and Natural Law 176
Natural Law 177
The State 180
Human Nature and Knowledge 182
Human Nature 182
Knowledge 182
Scotus， Ockham， and Eckhart 183
Voluntarism 183
Nominalism 184
Mysticism 186
Part Three
EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 9 Philosophy during the Renaissance 191
The Closing of the Middle Ages 191
Humanism and the Italian Renaissance 193
Pico 193
Machiavelli 194
The Reformation 196
Luther 196
Erasmus 198
Skepticism and Faith 200
Montaigne 200
Pascal 203
The Scientific Revolution 204
New Discoveries and New Methods 205
Modem Atomism 206
Francis Bacon 208
Distempers of Learning 209
Idols of the Mind 210
Inductive Method 211
Thomas Hobbes 212
Influence of Geometry upon Hobbess Thought 212
Bodies in Motion： The Object of Thought 213
Mechanical View of Human Thought 215
Political Philosophy and Morality 216
The State of Nature 217
Obligation in the State of Nature 218
The Social Contract 219
Civil Law versus Natural Law 220
Chapter 10 Rationalism on the Continent 222
Descartes 223
Life 223
Descartes Method 226
Methodic Doubt 229
The Existence of God and External Things 230
Mind and Body 232
Spinoza 234
Method 234
God： Substance and Attribute 236
The World as Modes of Gods Attributes 237
Knowledge， Mind， and Body 238
Ethics 240
Leibniz 241
Substance 242
Gods Existence 244
Knowledge and Nature 246
Chapter 11 Empiricism in Britain 250
Locke 251
Lockes Theory of Knowledge 252
Lockes Moral and Political Theory 257
Berkeley 260
Hume 267
Humes Theory of Knowledge 268
What Exists External to Us? 271
Ethics 273
Part Four
LATE MODERN AND 19TM CENTURY PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 12 Kant 281
The Shaping of Kants Problem 282
Kants Critical Philosophy and His Copernican Revolution 284
The Way of Critical Philosophy 284
The Nature of a priori Knowledge 285
The Synthetic A Priori 286
Kants Copernican Revolution 288
The Structure of Rational Thought 289
The Categories of Thought and the Forms of Intuition 289
The Self and the Unity of Experience 290
Phenomenal and Noumenal Reality 291
Transcendental Ideas of Pure Reason as Regulative Concepts 291
The Antinomies and the Limits of Reason 292
Proofs of Gods Existence 294
Practical Reason 295
The Basis of Moral Knowledge 296
Morality and Rationality 297
"Good" Defined as the Good Will 297
The Categorical Imperative 298
The Moral Postulates 300
Aesthetics： The Beautiful 301
The Beautiful as Independent Pleasant Satisfaction 302
The Beautiful as an Object of Universal Delight 303
Finality versus Purpose in the Beautiful Object 303
Necessity， Common Sense， and the Beautiful 304
Chapter13 German Idealism 306
Kants Impact on German Thought 306
Hegel 308
Life 308
Absolute Mind 310
The Nature of Reality 311
Ethics and Politics 316
Absolute Spirit 320
Schopenhauer 321
Schopenhauers Life 321
The Principle of Sufficient Reason 324
The World as Will and Idea 326
The Grotmd of Pessimism 328
Is There Any Escape from the "Will"? 330
Chapter 14 Utilitarianism and Positivism 332
Bentham 332
Benthams Life 334
The Principle of Utility 335
Law and Punishment 337
Benthams Radicalism 339
John Stuart Mill 340
Mills Version of Utilitarianism 342
Liberty 346
Comte 347
Comtes Life and Times 347
Positivism Defined 350
The Law of the Three Stages 351
Comtes Sociology and "Religion of Humanity" 352
Chapter 15 Kierkegaard， Marx， and Nietzsche 356
Kierkegaard 357
Human Existence 358
Truth as Subjectivity 359
The Aesthetic Stage 360
The Ethical Stage 361
The Religious Stage 362
Marx 363
Marxs Life and Influences 364
The Epochs of History： Marxs Dialectic 367
The Substructure： The Material Order 371
The Alienation of Labor 374
The Superstructure： The Origin and Role of Ideas 376
Nietzsche 378
Nietzsches Life 378
"God is Dead" 380
The Apolonian versus Dionysian 381
Master Morality versus Slave Morality 383
The Will to Power 385
Revaluation of All Morals 386
The Superperson 387
Part Five
20TH CENTURY AND CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 16 Pragmatism and Process Philosophy 393
Pragmatism 393
Peirce 394
A Theory of Meaning 395
The Role of Belief 395
The Elements of Method 396
James 397
Pragmatism as a Method 398
The Pragmatic Theory of Truth 398
Free Will 400
The Will to Believe 401
Dewey 403
The Spectator versus Experience 403
Habit， Intelligence， and Learning 405
Value in a World of Fact 406
Process Philosophy 407
Bergson 408
Going Around versus Entering Into 409
The Scientific Way of Analysis 411
The Metaphysical Way of Intuition 412
The Process of Duration 413
Evolution and the Vital Impulse 414
Morality and Religion 415
Whitehead 416
The Error of Simple Location 417
Self-Consciousness 418
Prehension 419
Eternal Objects 420
Chapter 17 Analytic Philosophy 422
Bertrand Russell 423
Logical Atomism 424
Problems with Logical Atomism 426
Logical Positivism 426
The Principle of Verification 427
Rudolph Carnap 428
Problems with Logical Positivism 432
Quines Critique of Empiricism 433
Ludwig Wittgenstein 434
Wittgensteins Road to Philosophy 434
The New Wittgenstein 437
Language Games and Following Rules 438
Clarifying Metaphysical Language 439
John Austin 440
The Notion of "Excuses" 441
The Benefits of Ordinary Language 442
Chapter 18 Phenomenology and Existentialism 445
Edmund Husserl 445
Hussefls Life and Influence 445
The Crisis of European Science 447
Descartes and Intentionality 449
Phenomena and Phenomenological Bracketting 451
The Life-World 452
Martin Heidegger 453
Heideggers Life 453
Dasein as Being-in-the-World 454
Dasein as Concern 455
Religious Existentialism 456
Karl Jaspers 456
Gabriel Marcel 458
Jean-Paul Sartre 459
Sartres Life 459
Existence Precedes Essence 462
Freedom and Responsibility 464
Nothingness and Bad Faith 465
Human Consciousness 466
Marxism and Freedom Revisited 468
Maurice Merleau-Ponty 469
Merleau-Pontys Life 469
The Primacy of Perception 471
The Relativity of Knowledge 472
Perception and Politics 473
Chapter19 Recent Philosophy 475
The Mind-Body Problem 476
Ryle and the Gl~ost in the Machine 476
Identity Theory and Functionalism 480
Searle and the Chinese Room Argument 481
Rorty 483
Influence of Pragmatism 485
The Contingency of Language 486
The Contingency of Selfhood 487
The Contingency of Community 489
Virtue Theory Revisited 490
Elizabeth Anscombe 490
Nel Noddings 492
Continental Philosophy 494
Structuralism 494
Post-Structuralism 496
Postmodemism 497
Glossary G-1
A Selected Bibliography B-1
Index I-1
Part One
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY
Chaper I Socrates Predecessors 5
What Is Permanent in Existence? 7
Thales 7
Anaximander 8
Anaximenes 10
The Mathematical Basis of All Things 11
Pythagoras 11
Attempts to Explain Change 15
Heraclitus 15
Parmenides 18
Zeno 19
Empedocles 22
Anaxagoras 24
The Atomists 25
Atoms and the Void 26
Theory of Knowledge and Ethics 28
Chapter 2 The Sophists and Socrates 29
The Sophists 31
Protagoras 32
Gorgias 33
Thrasymachus 34
Socrates 34
Socrates Life 35
Socrates as a Philosopher 37
Socrates Theory of Knowledge： Intellectual Midwifery 39
Socrates Moral Thought 42
Socrates Trial and Death 43
Chapter 3 Plato 46
Platos Life 46
Theory of Knowledge 49
The Cave 49
The Divided Line 51
Theory of Forms 55
Moral Philosophy 59
The Concept of the Soul 59
The Cause of Evil： Ignorance or Forgetfulness 61
Recovering Lost Morality 62
Virtue as Fulfillment of Function 63
Political Philosophy 64
The State as a Giant Person 65
The Philosopher-King 66
The Virtues in the State 67
The Decline of the Ideal State 69
View of the Cosmos 71
Chapter 4 Aristotle 75
Aristotles Life 75
Logic 78
The Categories and the Starting Point of Reasoning 78
The Syllogism 79
Metaphysics 81
The Problem of Metaphysics Defined 81
Substance as the Primary Essence of Things 82
Matter and Form 83
The Process of Change： The Four Causes 84
Potentiality and Actuality 85
The Unmoved Mover 86
The Place of Humans： Physics， Biology， and Psychology 87
Physics 87
Biology 88
Psychology 88
Ethics 90
Types of "Ends" 90
The Function of Human Beings 91
Happiness as the End 92
Virtue as the Golden Mean 93
Deliberation and Choice 94
Contemplation 94
Politics 95
Types of States 96
Differences and Inequalities 96
Good Government and Revolution 97
Philosophy of Art 98
Part Two
HELLENISTIC AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 5 Classical Philosophy after Aristotle 103
Epicureanism 104
Physics and Ethics 105
God and Death 106
The Pleasure Principle 106
Individual Pleasure versus Social Duty 108
Stoicism 108
Wisdom and Control versus Pleasure 108
Stoic Theory of Knowledge 110
Matter as the Basis of All Reality 111
Good in Everything 111
Fate and Providence 112
Human Nature 112
Ethics and the Human Drama 112
The Problem of Freedom 113
Cosmopolitanism and Justice 114
Skepticism 114
The Senses Are Deceptive 117
More Rules Raise Doubts 117
Morality Possible without Intellectual Certainty 118
Plotinus 119
God as the One 120
The Metaphor of Emanation 121
Salvation 124
Chapter 6 Augustine 125
Augustines Life 125
Human Knowledge 128
Overcoming Skepticism 128
Knowledge and Sensation 128
The Theory of Illumination 131
God 132
The Created World 134
Creation from Nothing 134
The Seminal Principles 135
Moral Philosophy 135
The Role of Love 136
Free Will as the Cause of Evil 138
Justice 139
The History and the Two Cities 140
History 140
Chapter 7 Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages 142
Boethius 142
The Consolation of Philosophy 144
The Problem of Universals 144
Pseudo-Dionysius 146
John Scotus Erigena 148
The Division of Nature 148
New Solutions to the Problem of Universals 150
Odo and Guillaume： Exaggerated Realism 150
Roscellinus： Nominalism 151
Abelard： Conceptualism or Moderate Realism 152
Anselm s Ontological Argument 153
Anselms Realism 153
Ontological Argument 155
Gaunilons Rebuttal 156
Anselms Reply to Gaunilon 156
Faith and Reason in Muslim and Jewish Thought 156
Avicenna 157
Averro6s 159
Moses Maimonides 160
Chapter 8 Aquinas and his Late Medieval Successors 163
Aquinass Life 164
Bonaventura and the University of Paris 166
Philosophy and Theology 167
Faith and Reason 168
Proofs of Gods Existence 169
Proofs from Motion， Efficient Cause， and Necessary Being 169
Proofs from Perfection and Order 170
Assessment of the Proofs 171
Knowledge of Gods Nature 171
The Negative Way (Via Negativa) 172
Knowledge by Analogy 172
Creation 173
Is the Created Order Eternal? 173
Creation out of Nothing 174
Is This the Best Possible World? 174
Evil as Privation 174
The Range of Created Being： The Chain of Being 175
Morality and Natural Law 176
Natural Law 177
The State 180
Human Nature and Knowledge 182
Human Nature 182
Knowledge 182
Scotus， Ockham， and Eckhart 183
Voluntarism 183
Nominalism 184
Mysticism 186
Part Three
EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 9 Philosophy during the Renaissance 191
The Closing of the Middle Ages 191
Humanism and the Italian Renaissance 193
Pico 193
Machiavelli 194
The Reformation 196
Luther 196
Erasmus 198
Skepticism and Faith 200
Montaigne 200
Pascal 203
The Scientific Revolution 204
New Discoveries and New Methods 205
Modem Atomism 206
Francis Bacon 208
Distempers of Learning 209
Idols of the Mind 210
Inductive Method 211
Thomas Hobbes 212
Influence of Geometry upon Hobbess Thought 212
Bodies in Motion： The Object of Thought 213
Mechanical View of Human Thought 215
Political Philosophy and Morality 216
The State of Nature 217
Obligation in the State of Nature 218
The Social Contract 219
Civil Law versus Natural Law 220
Chapter 10 Rationalism on the Continent 222
Descartes 223
Life 223
Descartes Method 226
Methodic Doubt 229
The Existence of God and External Things 230
Mind and Body 232
Spinoza 234
Method 234
God： Substance and Attribute 236
The World as Modes of Gods Attributes 237
Knowledge， Mind， and Body 238
Ethics 240
Leibniz 241
Substance 242
Gods Existence 244
Knowledge and Nature 246
Chapter 11 Empiricism in Britain 250
Locke 251
Lockes Theory of Knowledge 252
Lockes Moral and Political Theory 257
Berkeley 260
Hume 267
Humes Theory of Knowledge 268
What Exists External to Us? 271
Ethics 273
Part Four
LATE MODERN AND 19TM CENTURY PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 12 Kant 281
The Shaping of Kants Problem 282
Kants Critical Philosophy and His Copernican Revolution 284
The Way of Critical Philosophy 284
The Nature of a priori Knowledge 285
The Synthetic A Priori 286
Kants Copernican Revolution 288
The Structure of Rational Thought 289
The Categories of Thought and the Forms of Intuition 289
The Self and the Unity of Experience 290
Phenomenal and Noumenal Reality 291
Transcendental Ideas of Pure Reason as Regulative Concepts 291
The Antinomies and the Limits of Reason 292
Proofs of Gods Existence 294
Practical Reason 295
The Basis of Moral Knowledge 296
Morality and Rationality 297
"Good" Defined as the Good Will 297
The Categorical Imperative 298
The Moral Postulates 300
Aesthetics： The Beautiful 301
The Beautiful as Independent Pleasant Satisfaction 302
The Beautiful as an Object of Universal Delight 303
Finality versus Purpose in the Beautiful Object 303
Necessity， Common Sense， and the Beautiful 304
Chapter13 German Idealism 306
Kants Impact on German Thought 306
Hegel 308
Life 308
Absolute Mind 310
The Nature of Reality 311
Ethics and Politics 316
Absolute Spirit 320
Schopenhauer 321
Schopenhauers Life 321
The Principle of Sufficient Reason 324
The World as Will and Idea 326
The Grotmd of Pessimism 328
Is There Any Escape from the "Will"? 330
Chapter 14 Utilitarianism and Positivism 332
Bentham 332
Benthams Life 334
The Principle of Utility 335
Law and Punishment 337
Benthams Radicalism 339
John Stuart Mill 340
Mills Version of Utilitarianism 342
Liberty 346
Comte 347
Comtes Life and Times 347
Positivism Defined 350
The Law of the Three Stages 351
Comtes Sociology and "Religion of Humanity" 352
Chapter 15 Kierkegaard， Marx， and Nietzsche 356
Kierkegaard 357
Human Existence 358
Truth as Subjectivity 359
The Aesthetic Stage 360
The Ethical Stage 361
The Religious Stage 362
Marx 363
Marxs Life and Influences 364
The Epochs of History： Marxs Dialectic 367
The Substructure： The Material Order 371
The Alienation of Labor 374
The Superstructure： The Origin and Role of Ideas 376
Nietzsche 378
Nietzsches Life 378
"God is Dead" 380
The Apolonian versus Dionysian 381
Master Morality versus Slave Morality 383
The Will to Power 385
Revaluation of All Morals 386
The Superperson 387
Part Five
20TH CENTURY AND CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 16 Pragmatism and Process Philosophy 393
Pragmatism 393
Peirce 394
A Theory of Meaning 395
The Role of Belief 395
The Elements of Method 396
James 397
Pragmatism as a Method 398
The Pragmatic Theory of Truth 398
Free Will 400
The Will to Believe 401
Dewey 403
The Spectator versus Experience 403
Habit， Intelligence， and Learning 405
Value in a World of Fact 406
Process Philosophy 407
Bergson 408
Going Around versus Entering Into 409
The Scientific Way of Analysis 411
The Metaphysical Way of Intuition 412
The Process of Duration 413
Evolution and the Vital Impulse 414
Morality and Religion 415
Whitehead 416
The Error of Simple Location 417
Self-Consciousness 418
Prehension 419
Eternal Objects 420
Chapter 17 Analytic Philosophy 422
Bertrand Russell 423
Logical Atomism 424
Problems with Logical Atomism 426
Logical Positivism 426
The Principle of Verification 427
Rudolph Carnap 428
Problems with Logical Positivism 432
Quines Critique of Empiricism 433
Ludwig Wittgenstein 434
Wittgensteins Road to Philosophy 434
The New Wittgenstein 437
Language Games and Following Rules 438
Clarifying Metaphysical Language 439
John Austin 440
The Notion of "Excuses" 441
The Benefits of Ordinary Language 442
Chapter 18 Phenomenology and Existentialism 445
Edmund Husserl 445
Hussefls Life and Influence 445
The Crisis of European Science 447
Descartes and Intentionality 449
Phenomena and Phenomenological Bracketting 451
The Life-World 452
Martin Heidegger 453
Heideggers Life 453
Dasein as Being-in-the-World 454
Dasein as Concern 455
Religious Existentialism 456
Karl Jaspers 456
Gabriel Marcel 458
Jean-Paul Sartre 459
Sartres Life 459
Existence Precedes Essence 462
Freedom and Responsibility 464
Nothingness and Bad Faith 465
Human Consciousness 466
Marxism and Freedom Revisited 468
Maurice Merleau-Ponty 469
Merleau-Pontys Life 469
The Primacy of Perception 471
The Relativity of Knowledge 472
Perception and Politics 473
Chapter19 Recent Philosophy 475
The Mind-Body Problem 476
Ryle and the Gl~ost in the Machine 476
Identity Theory and Functionalism 480
Searle and the Chinese Room Argument 481
Rorty 483
Influence of Pragmatism 485
The Contingency of Language 486
The Contingency of Selfhood 487
The Contingency of Community 489
Virtue Theory Revisited 490
Elizabeth Anscombe 490
Nel Noddings 492
Continental Philosophy 494
Structuralism 494
Post-Structuralism 496
Postmodemism 497
Glossary G-1
A Selected Bibliography B-1
Index I-1
