估計有1,600,000個低地國家的人說林堡語，另外在德國也有數十萬人說林堡語，詳細數據基於不同定義。比起那些使用於荷蘭和德國的方言，使用於佛拉芒地區的林堡語的各種方言受到更多法語的影響，這個語言和德語與荷蘭語有相似之處，而Hendrik van Veldeke，一個來自當地的中世紀作家，也因此同時被認為是早期德語作家和荷蘭語的最早的寫作者的其中之一。
與多數歐洲語言不同的是，林堡語是個聲調語言，它有兩個聲調，其他被認為是marginally聲調化的歐洲語言包括立陶宛語、斯洛維尼亞語、瑞典語、挪威語與南斯拉夫諸許多的語言，如塞爾維亞語、波士尼亞語與克羅地亞語等。
基本介紹
- 中文名：林堡語
- 外文名：Limburgs
背景介紹,日常用語,
背景介紹
Limburgs
通行區： 荷蘭、比利時和德國的少部分地區
區域： 林堡
總使用人數： 大約 1,600,000人
語言系屬分類： 印歐語系
日耳曼語族
西日耳曼語支
Rhinelandic
林堡語
官方地位
作為官方語言的國家或組織： 荷蘭（作為區域性語言）；在比利時並無官方地位
管理機構： 無官方機構
語言代碼
ISO 639-1： li
ISO 639-2： lim
ISO 639-3： lim
藍色部份為荷蘭林堡語使用的範圍
注意：本頁包含 Unicode 的 國際音標
荷蘭和比利時林堡語
林堡語（林堡語：Limburgs）屬於印歐語系日耳曼語族的西日耳曼語支，屬法蘭克語言的一支，是在荷蘭、比利時和德國邊界的林堡和Rhineland地區所使用的語言。The area in which it is spoken roughly fits within a wide circle from Venlo to Cologne to Aachen to Maastricht to Hasselt and back to Venlo . Limburgish is recognised as a regional language (Dutch: streektaal) in the Netherlands and as such it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
In Germany it is common to consider the Limburgish dialects as belonging to the Low Franconian languages; in The Netherlands and Belgium however all these are seen as West Middle German or even simply High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the linguists of the Low Countries define a Low German dialect as one that has not taken part in the first three phases of the High German consonant shift at all.
Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1,600,000 people in the Low Countries and by many hundreds of thousands in Germany, depending on definition. The varieties of Limburgish spoken within Flemish (Belgium) territory are more influenced by French than those spoken on Dutch and German soil.
Unlike most European languages, Limburgish is a tonal language having two tones. Other European languages known to be marginally tonal are Lithuanian, Slovenian, Swedish, Norwegian and the Yugoslav languages, Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian.
Limburgish also shows signs of a possible Celtic substrate which is indicated by a larger number of words that have Celtic origins in Limburgish than in other West Germanic dialects. The area originally was inhabited by Celtic tribes.
[編輯]林堡語的變體
Noordnederlimburgs (ik-Limburgs) around Venlo in the Netherlands is the form of Limburgish, which has features of the Zuid-Gelders dialect. Centraal-Limburgs is a concept used in Germany, which includes the area around Maastricht and stretches further North. Ostlimburgisch is a concept used in Germany to describe the linguistic situation in Belgium around Eupen, including Welkenraedt, Lontzen and Moresnet, in the Netherlands between Ubach and Brunssum and a large area in Germany around Heinsberg,Viersen, Mönchengladbach and Krefeld. An area close to Westphalia is considered as being the area where Bergish is spoken. This area is limited roughly by a line Düsseldorf-Mettmann-Solingen-Remscheid.
Oost-Limburgs is the form of Limburgish spoken from an area from Belgian Voeren South of Sittard in the Netherlands to the German border.
West-Limburgs is the variety of Limburgish spoken around Hasselt and Veldeke in Belgium. It includes areas in Dutch Limburg and Dutch Brabant. The border of West-Limburgs and Oost-Limburgs starts few South of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of Voeren.
Opperlimburgs is spoken around Kerkrade and Vaals in the Netherlands, Aachen in Germany and Raeren and Eynatten in Belgium, in Germany considered as Ripuarian, not always as Limburgish. If tonality is to be taken as to define this variety, it stretches several dozen km into Germany. It is consensus to class it as belonging to High German varieties.
日常用語
| 英語 | 林堡語 |
|---|---|
Wilkóm | |
Hello (General greeting) | Hallo |
Hello(on phone) | |
Reply to 'How are you?' | |
Hoe heits doe? | |
My name is ... | Ich heit ... |
Where are you from? | |
I'm from ... | |
Pleased to meet you | |
Good morning (Morning greeting) | Gojemörge |
Good afternoon (Afternoon greeting) | Gojemiddig |
Good evening (Evening greeting) | Gojenaovend |
Goodbye (Parting phrases) | |
Good luck! | |
Cheers! Good Health! (Toasts used when drinking) | |
Bon appetit / Have a nice meal | |
Bon voyage / Have a good journey | |
Ich weit ut neet | |
I understand | |
I don't understand | Ich versjtaon neet Ich begriep 't neet |
Please speak more slowly | |
Please say that again | |
Please write it down | |
Do you speak English? | |
Do you speakLimburgish? | Sjpraeks doe Limburgs? |
Yes, a little (reply to 'Do you speak ...?') | Jao, ein bitje |
Speak to me inLimburgish | |
How do you say ... inLimburgish? | Wie zaes doe ... in Limburgs? |
Verekskezeer! (inf) Verekskezeert! (frm) Perdóng! | |
How much is this? | |
Reply to thank you | |
Where's the toilet? | Woe is 't prevāthoes? Woe is 't twalèt? |
This gentleman will pay for everything | |
This lady will pay for everything | |
Would you like to dance with me? | Wil doe mit mich denser? |
Ik hald van dich | |
Go away! | |
Leave me alone! | |
Fire! | |
Call the police! | Rope de plissie! |
Christmas and New Year greetings | |
Easter greetings | |
Birthday greetings | Gelökkige verjaordaag |
One language is never enough | |
My hovercraft is full of eels Why this phrase? |
