基本介紹
物種特徵,棲息環境,生活習性,分布範圍,繁殖方式,該科種類,實用價值,
物種特徵
寶螺種類繁多,數量大。從小型到中等大型。貝殼呈卵圓形或長卵圓形,螺旋部在幼體時尚存,至成體時幾乎消失;貝殼堅固,表面光滑或具有突起,富有光澤,狀如瓷。殼面具各種色彩和花紋,極其豐富。殼口狹長,兩唇具齒;成體無厴。富有光澤。成年個體的螺旋部極小,一般埋於體螺層中,殼口狹長,唇緣厚,一般具有齒。無厴。吻和水管都比較短。外套膜和足都十分發達,一般具有外觸角。生活時外套膜伸展將貝殼包被起來。頭部發達呈筒狀而稍詞扁,吻和水管均短,觸角長錐狀,眼位於觸角基部的外側,足部肌肉發達,呈橢圓形,外套膜發達,伸展出後可包被貝殼其上,有各種不同的色彩,並有許多大小不同的乳突起,非常美麗,外套膜除分泌貝殼外,還具有呼吸作用。
寶螺

棲息環境
生活於熱帶和亞熱帶暖海區,從潮間帶至較深的岩礁、珊瑚礁或泥沙海底均有其蹤跡。種類繁多,完全為海產。滲透在北半球和南半球,最遠達35緯度。大多數物種生活在珊瑚礁附近,水的溫度不得低於15℃(除極少數例外)。在海洋中可以下潛的最大深度為800米。大多數形式都是晝伏夜出,白天隱藏在岩石和珊瑚的裂縫和小洞穴里。
生活習性
寶螺科的動物,行動緩慢,怕強光,白天蟄伏在珊瑚洞穴或岩石下面,黎明或黃昏時外出覓食,是肉食性的種類。大多數種類營自由生活,行動緩慢,據記載,行動快的每分鐘可向前爬行15厘米,慢的向前移動僅約7厘米。當潮水每天有規律的退出後,寶螺類多隱藏到礁石塊下面、洞穴內或藻類叢生的陰暗處。它們是晝伏夜出,每到黃昏夜幕降臨後,它們便爬出來活動,所以,白天很難採到生活的寶螺,但當夜間再到海灘珊瑚礁盤間採集時,便很容易採到生活寶螺。當夜間它們出來活動時,它那絢麗多彩的外套膜,便從殼口出來向兩側伸展覆蓋整個貝殼,同時,外套膜上美麗似花的各式各樣乳突起也伸了出來,其長橢圓形發達的足,也同時從殼口出來,爬行於珊瑚礁盤上或附近的沙灘上,緩緩向前爬行尋覓食物或尋配偶。它們主要以珊瑚動物為食,此外,海綿、有孔蟲和小的甲殼動物等,也是它們獵取食物的對象。進食時,主要依靠一個較窄長的齒舌進行活動。它們還有一個奇特的習性,當四處爬行時,或翹起尾巴,然後又突然放下,這也是一種防禦手段。
分布範圍
寶螺科的動物,是世界熱帶、亞熱帶和暖溫帶海區廣分布種類,但主要分布在印度-太平洋暖水區域,熱帶印度洋-西太平洋之間、澳大利亞南部。也有的種類分布在大西洋沿岸暖水區,如從非洲西岸南端好望角,向北經塞內加爾至西班牙,英國東岸、南岸和地中海沿岸;在墨西哥灣、佛羅里達半島、加勒比海、小安的列斯群島,直至巴西沿岸,都有它們的分布。
寶螺

在中國沿海發現的寶螺總科142種,是暖水性較強的種類。向北延伸到山東省南部青島的僅有2種。中國大陸沿岸的氣溫是愈向南愈暖,因此,向南隨著溫度的增高,動物種類的分布也逐漸增多。台灣雖是位居東海,緯度較高,但由於受暖流的影響較大,其生活環境與海南島的南端及西沙群島近似。在海南島南端和西沙群島採到寶螺科的種類,在台灣都能採到,不僅寶螺類是如此,其他熱帶和亞熱帶生活的貝類,在台灣也都有分布。寶螺總科,在中國海域發現的142種,分布在大陸沿海的有101種,其中有16種僅見於大陸沿岸,不延伸到台灣和南海諸島。在台灣水域分布的101種中,有41種可以分布到大陸沿岸,有22種僅見於台灣近海。
僅分布在中國近海的有18種,為地方種,其中有9種為新種。中國近海發現的142種,大多數種類,分布於印度一太平洋區諸島,但有少數種類分布較廣,可以延伸到美洲太平洋近海,如蛇首眼球貝,貨貝,尖篩目貝,鼴貝,網紋綬貝,扁緣綬貝等分布到科科島、克利珀屯島、科隆群島以及哥倫比亞的戈爾戈納等美洲近岸。此外,還有厚緣擬貝和細焦掌貝,除分布於印度一太平洋區外,並延伸到以色列沿岸的地中海。
中國南沙群島地處熱帶,緯度較低,距菲律賓很近,應有不少寶螺類生活在那裡,其種數似應不少於菲律賓,但根據採到的標本和了解到的種數卻少於菲律賓,其原因,還有待研究,可能是地域小影響了食物鏈。
繁殖方式
雌雄異體,產卵季節多在3-7月,卵一般產在珊瑚洞穴,空貝殼及陰暗的地方。母貝產卵後並不離開卵群,仍臥伏在卵群上面刻意保護,直到孵化為止。
該科種類
序號 | 中文名稱 | 拉丁學名 |
---|---|---|
1. | Annepona mariae mariae | |
2. | Arestorides argus argus | |
3. | Austrasiatica alexhuberti alexhuberti | |
4. | Austrasiatica deforgesi deforgesi | |
5. | Austrasiatica hungerfordi hungerfordi | |
6. | Austrasiatica langfordi langfordi | |
7. | Austrasiatica sakuraii sakuraii | |
8. | Austrocypraea contusa | |
9. | Austrocypraea reevei | |
10. | Barycypraea fultoni fultoni | |
11. | Barycypraea teulerei teulerei | |
12. | Bistolida brevidentata brevidentata | |
13. | Bistolida diauges diauges | |
14. | Bistolida erythraeensis erythraeensis | |
15. | Bistolida goodallii goodallii | |
16. | Bistolida hirundo hirundo | |
17. | Bistolida hirundo rouxi | |
18. | Bistolida kieneri kieneri | |
19. | Bistolida owenii owenii | |
20. | Bistolida stolida stolida | |
21. | Bistolida ursellus ursellus | |
22. | Blasicrura interrupta interrupta | |
23. | Blasicrura pallidula pallidula | |
24. | Blasicrura summersi summersi | |
25. | Chelycypraea testudinaria | |
26. | Contradusta barclayi barclayi | |
27. | Contradusta pulchella pulchella | |
28. | Contradusta walkeri walkeri | |
29. | Cribrarula astaryi astaryi | |
30. | Cribrarula catholicorum catholicorum | |
31. | Cribrarula comma comma | |
32. | Cribrarula cribraria cribraria | |
33. | Cribrarula cumingii compta | |
34. | Cribrarula cumingii cumingi | |
35. | Cribrarula esontropia cribellum | |
36. | Cribrarula esontropia francescoi | |
37. | Cribrarula exmouthensis exmouthensis | |
38. | Cribrarula fallax fallax | |
39. | Cribrarula garciai garciai | |
40. | Cribrarula gaskoinii gaskoinii | |
41. | Cribrarula pellisserpentis pellisserpentis | |
42. | Cribrarula taitae taitae | |
43. | Cribrarula toliaraensis | |
44. | Cypraea alisonae | |
45. | Cypraea angustata | |
46. | Cypraea annulus | |
47. | Cypraea arabica | |
48. | Cypraea armeniaca howelli | |
49. | Cypraea bregeriana | |
50. | Cypraea cervinetta | |
51. | Cypraea cervus | |
52. | Cypraea comptonii | |
53. | Cypraea comptonii mayi | |
54. | 印度洋花鹿寶螺 | Cypraea cribellum |
55. | Cypraea cribraria ganteri | |
56. | Cypraea cruikshanki | |
57. | Cypraea depressa | |
58. | Cypraea dillwyni | |
59. | Cypraea diluculum | |
60. | Cypraea eburnea | |
61. | Cypraea eglantina | |
62. | Cypraea esontropia | |
63. | Cypraea exusta | |
64. | Cypraea fimbriata | |
65. | Cypraea friendii friendii | |
66. | Cypraea ocellata | |
67. | Cypraea pantherina | |
68. | Cypraea talpa | |
69. | Cypraea tigris | |
70. | Cypraea zebra | |
71. | Cypraeovula alfredensis alfredensis | |
72. | Cypraeovula algoensis algoensis | |
73. | Cypraeovula amphithales amphithales | |
74. | Cypraeovula capensis capensis | |
75. | Cypraeovula castanea castanea | |
76. | Cypraeovula cohenae | |
77. | Cypraeovula colligata colligata | |
78. | Cypraeovula connelli connelli | |
79. | Cypraeovula connelli peelae | |
80. | Cypraeovula coronata coronata | |
81. | Cypraeovula cruickshanki cruickshanki | |
82. | Cypraeovula edentula edentula | |
83. | Cypraeovula fuscodentata fuscodentata | |
84. | Cypraeovula immelmani immelmani | |
85. | Cypraeovula iutsui iutsu | |
86. | Cypraeovula kesslerorum kesslerorum | |
87. | Cypraeovula mikeharti mikeharti | |
88. | Cypraeovula perdentata | |
89. | Eclogavena coxeni coxeni | |
90. | Eclogavena dayritiana dani | |
91. | Eclogavena dayritiana dayritiana | |
92. | Eclogavena quadrimaculata quadrimaculata | |
93. | Erosaria acicularis acicularis | |
94. | Erosaria albuginosa albuginosa | |
95. | Erosaria beckii beckii | |
96. | Erosaria bellatrix | |
97. | Erosaria bernardi bernardi | |
98. | Erosaria boivinii boivinii | |
99. | Erosaria cernica cernica | |
100. | Erosaria citrina citrina | |
101. | Erosaria englerti englerti | |
102. | Erosaria erosa erosa | |
103. | Erosaria flaveola | |
104. | Erosaria gangranosa gangranosa | |
105. | Erosaria helvola helvola | |
106. | Erosaria irrorata irrorata | |
107. | Erosaria kingae | |
108. | Erosaria labrolineata labrolineata | |
109. | Erosaria lamarckii lamarckii | |
110. | Erosaria macandrewi macandrewi | |
111. | Erosaria marginalis marginalis | |
112. | Erosaria miliaris miliaris | |
113. | Erosaria nebrites nebrites | |
114. | Erosaria ostergaardi ostergaardi | |
115. | Erosaria philmarti | |
116. | Erosaria poraria poraria | |
117. | Erosaria spurca acicularis | |
118. | Erosaria thomasi thomasi | |
119. | Erosaria turdus turdus | |
120. | Erronea angioyorum angioyorum | |
121. | Erronea caurica caurica | |
122. | Erronea caurica samoensis | |
123. | Erronea cylindrica cylindrica | |
124. | Erronea errones coxi | |
125. | Erronea errones errones | |
126. | Erronea fernandoi fernandoi | |
127. | Erronea nymphae nymphae | |
128. | Erronea onyx onyx | |
129. | Erronea ovum ovum | |
130. | Erronea pallida pallida | |
131. | Erronea pyriformis pyriformis | |
132. | Erronea rabaulensis rabaulensis | |
133. | Erronea subviridis subviridis | |
134. | Erronea succincta succincta | |
135. | Erronea vredenburgi vredenburgi | |
136. | Erronea xanthodon xanthodon | |
137. | Erroneaa caurica elongata | |
138. | Erroneaa caurica quinquefasciata | |
139. | Erroneaa errones bimaculata | |
140. | Ipsa childreni childreni | |
141. | Leporicypraea geographica geographica | |
142. | Leporicypraea geographica rewa | |
143. | Leporicypraea mappa admirabilis | |
144. | Leporicypraea mappa mappa | |
145. | Leporicypraea mappa rosea | |
146. | Leporicypraea valentia valentia | |
147. | Luria cinerea brasilensis | |
148. | Luria cinerea cinerea | |
149. | Luria controversa atriceps | |
150. | Luria controversa controversa | |
151. | Luria gilvella gilvella | |
152. | Luria isabella isabella | |
153. | Luria lurida lurida | |
154. | Luria pulchra pulchra | |
155. | Luria tessellata | |
156. | Lyncina aurantium aurantium | |
157. | Lyncina broderipii broderipii | |
158. | Lyncina broderipii somalica | |
159. | Lyncina camelopardalis camelopardalis | |
160. | Lyncina carneola carneola | |
161. | Lyncina kuroharai kuroharai | |
162. | Lyncina leucodon leucodon | |
163. | Lyncina lynx lynx | |
164. | Lyncina nivosa nivosa | |
165. | Lyncina porteri porteri | |
166. | Lyncina schilderorum schilderorum | |
167. | Lyncina sulcidentata sulcidentata | |
168. | Lyncina ventriculus ventriculus | |
169. | Lyncina vitellus vitellus | |
170. | Macrocypraea zebra dissimilis | |
171. | Mauritia arabica gibba | |
172. | Mauritia arabica immanis | |
173. | Mauritia asiatica asiatica | |
174. | Mauritia eglantina niger | |
175. | Mauritia histrio histrio | |
176. | Mauritia maculifera maculifera | |
177. | Mauritia maculifera scindata | |
178. | Mauritia mauritiana mauritiana | |
179. | Mauritia scurra | |
180. | Mauritia scurra mundula | |
181. | Melicerona felina fabula | |
182. | Melicerona felina felina | |
183. | Melicerona listeri listeri | |
184. | Monetaria annulus appendiculata | |
185. | Monetaria annulus noumeensis | |
186. | Monetaria caputdraconis | |
187. | Monetaria caputserpentis | |
188. | Monetaria moneta harrisi | |
189. | Monetaria moneta rhomboides | |
190. | Monetaria obvelata nubilis | |
191. | Monetaria obvelata obvelata | |
192. | Monetariaa moneta | |
193. | Muracypraea mus bicornis | |
194. | Muracypraea mus donmoorei | |
195. | Muracypraea mus mus nigrita | |
196. | Neobernaya spadicea spadicea | |
197. | Nesiocypraea aenigma aenigma | |
198. | Nesiocypraea lisetae lisetae | |
199. | Nesiocypraea midwayensis midwayensis | |
200. | Nesiocypraea teramachii teramachii | |
201. | Notadusta fusula | |
202. | Notadusta punctata punctata | |
203. | Notadusta punctata radiosa | |
204. | Notadusta punctata trizonata | |
205. | Notadusta punctata uvula | |
206. | Notadusta serrata | |
207. | Notadusta zyzypha | |
208. | Notocypraea piperita piperita | |
209. | Notocypraea pulicaria pulicaria | |
210. | Nucleolaria granulata granulata | |
211. | Nucleolaria nucleus | |
212. | Ovatipsa chinensis chinensis | |
213. | Ovatipsa coloba coloba | |
214. | Palmadusta artuffeli artuffeli | |
215. | Palmadusta asellus asellus | |
216. | Palmadusta asellus bitaeniata | |
217. | Palmadusta clandestina clandestina | |
218. | Palmadusta contaminata contaminata | |
219. | Palmadusta diluculum virginalis | |
220. | Palmadusta humphreysii coccinella | |
221. | Palmadusta humphreysii humphreysii | |
222. | Palmadusta lentiginosa lentiginosa | |
223. | Palmadusta lutea lutea | |
224. | Palmadusta saulae saulae | |
225. | Palmadusta ziczac misella | |
226. | Palmadusta ziczac signata | |
227. | Palmadusta ziczac undata | |
228. | Palmadusta ziczac vittata | |
229. | Palmadusta ziczac ziczac | |
230. | Palmulacypraea boucheti boucheti | |
231. | Palmulacypraea katsuae guidoi | |
232. | Palmulacypraea katsuae katsuae | |
233. | Palmulacypraea musumea musumea | |
234. | Perisserosa guttata guttata | |
235. | Propustularia surinamensis surinamensis | |
236. | Pseudozonaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis | |
237. | Pseudozonaria annettae annettae | |
238. | Pseudozonaria arabicula arabicula | |
239. | Pseudozonaria nigropunctata nigropunctata | |
240. | Pseudozonaria robertsi robertsi | |
241. | Purpuradusta barbieri barbieri | |
242. | Purpuradusta fimbriata durbanensis | |
243. | Purpuradusta fimbriata fimbriata | |
244. | Purpuradusta fimbriata marquesana | |
245. | Purpuradusta gracilis gracilis | |
246. | Purpuradusta hammondae hammondae | |
247. | Purpuradusta microdon microdon | |
248. | Purpuradusta oryzaeformis oryzaeformis | |
249. | Purpuradusta serrulifera serrulifera | |
250. | Pustularia bistrinotata bistrinotata | |
251. | Pustularia bistrinotata keelingensis | |
252. | Pustularia bistrinotata mediocris | |
253. | Pustularia chiapponii chiapponii | |
254. | Pustularia cicercula cicercula | |
255. | Pustularia globulus globulus | |
256. | Pustularia margarita margarita | |
257. | Pustularia mauiensis mauiensis | |
258. | Schilderia achatidea achatidea | |
259. | Schilderia achatidea inopinata | |
260. | Schilderia hirasei hirasei | |
261. | Staphylaea limacina | |
262. | Staphylaea limacina facifer | |
263. | Staphylaea limacina interstincta | |
264. | Staphylaea semiplota semiplota | |
265. | Staphylaea staphylaea nolani | |
266. | Staphylaea staphylaea staphylaea | |
267. | Talostolida latior burgessi | |
268. | Talostolida latior latior | |
269. | Talostolida pellucens pellucens | |
270. | Talostolida pseudoteres pseudoteres | |
271. | Talostolida rashleighana rashleighana | |
272. | Talostolida subteres subteres | |
273. | Talostolida teres teres | |
274. | Talparia talpa imperialis | |
275. | Trona stercoraria stercoraria | |
276. | Umbilia armeniaca | |
277. | Umbilia capricornica capricornica | |
278. | Umbilia hesitata hesitata | |
279. | Umbilia oriettae oriettae | |
280. | Umbilia petilirostris petilirostris | |
281. | Zoila decipiens decipiens | |
282. | Zoila decipiens perlae | |
283. | Zoila friendii profundicola | |
284. | Zoila friendii vercoi candida | |
285. | Zoila jeaniana | |
286. | Zoila ketyana ketyana | |
287. | Zoila marginata albanyensis | |
288. | Zoila marginata marginata | |
289. | Zoila mariellae mariellae | |
290. | Zoila orientalis orientalis | |
291. | Zoila perlae delicatura | |
292. | Zoila perlae eludens | |
293. | Zoila rosselli rosselli | |
294. | Zoila rosselli satiata | |
295. | Zoila thersites contraria | |
296. | Zoila thersites thersites | |
297. | Zoila venusta episema | |
298. | Zoila venusta episema sorrentensis | |
299. | Zoila venusta roseopunctata | |
300. | Zoila venusta thatcheri | |
301. | Zoila venusta venusta | |
302. | Zonaria angelicae angelicae | |
303. | Zonaria petitiana petitiana | |
304. | Zonaria picta picta | |
305. | Zonaria pyrum pyrum | |
306. | Zonaria sanguinolenta sanguinolenta | |
307. | Zonaria zonaria |
實用價值
寶螺集食用、玩賞和裝飾為一身,深得人類喜愛。其中最出色的當屬黑星寶螺,這種軟體動物分布十分廣泛,在太平洋、菲律賓、日本和中國的南海及熱帶海區都有蹤跡。因為上面布滿了黑色斑點,酷似美洲虎的斑紋,所以也稱"虎皮斑紋貝"。其貝殼光澤奪目,令玩賞者愛不釋手,雖然肉可食用,但因其貝殼質優價高,採集者絕不肯將它砸碎食用,而是採到後將它埋於沙內,待它肉體腐爛後洗淨售殼。
寶貝中還有一種為貨貝(Cypraea moneta),也叫黃寶螺,與人類有著密不可分的關係。這種動物的貝殼小型堅固,略呈卵圓形,背部中央高起,兩側堅厚而低平,可用以裝飾和玩賞。歷史上世界各地都曾用它作為貨幣流通使用。中國1981年發行了一套中國古代錢幣郵票,其中第一枚上就有一枚貨貝幣,紀元為公元前十六——十一世紀,可見歷史之久遠。在漢書食貨志上曾詳細的記載有貨幣的五種品級和它所等同的紋銀的價值:"大貝四寸八分以上,直錢二百一十文,二貝為朋;牡貝三寸六分以上,直錢五十文,二貝為朋;麼貝二寸四分以上,直錢三十文,二貝為朋;小貝一寸二分以上,直錢十文,二貝為朋;不成貝寸二分漏度,不得為朋,率枚直錢三文是也"。
黃寶螺 | 貨幣郵票 |
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