《宇宙物理基礎（英文版）》通過分析經典力學和狹義相對論的基本概念和理論架構，指出彎曲的物理位形空間中的廣義坐標不是時空坐標。本書陳述了完整表述局域引力規律的引力場方程，以及符合宇宙學原理和物理學基本規律的引力中性宇宙模型。
本書指出，只有接受宇宙的多極性，並且回歸探索與表述自然規律的科學方法，才能為基本物理學與宇宙學理論建立必需的基礎架構。
基本介紹
- 書名：宇宙物理基礎（英文版）
- 作者：李惕碚
- 出版社：科學出版社
- 出版時間：2021年12月1日
- 頁數：249 頁
- 裝幀：平裝
- ISBN：9787030708212
Contents
Brief Introduction
Preface
Chapter 1 Classical and Relativity Spacetime 1
1.1 Classic Mechanics 1
1.1.1 Newtonian Mechanics 1
Newton’s Laws 1
Galileo Covariance 2
Absolute Space and Inertial Forces 3
1.1.2 Analytical Mechanics 3
Configuration Space 3
Principle of Least Action 4
Two Kinds of Background Space 6
1.1.3 Two Kinds of Physics Laws 7
1.1.4 Flat Background Spacetime and Curved Configuration Space 9
1.1.5 Does Curved Motion Originate from Space Warp? 10
1.1.6 General Covariance of Analytical Mechanics 15
1.2 Relativity 16
1.2.1 Lorentz Space 16
Lorentz Covariance 16
Lorentz Space is Configuration Space 17
Is Classical Spacetime Subverted? 17
1.2.2 Electromagnetic Field 19
1.2.3 If Charge Has Only One Sign 22
Chapter 2 Relativistic Gravity 24
2.1 Field Equation of Gravity in Curved Space 24
2.1.1 Mathematical Scheme 24
2.1.2 Principle of Equivalence and General Covariance 26
2.2 Local Spacetime and Configuration Space in Relativistic Gravity 31
2.2.1 Coordinates of Spacetime and Generalized Coordinates 31
2.2.2 Two Types of Expressions of Dynamics 34
2.2.3 How Riemann Understand Curved Space 36
2.3 Physics and Geometry 38
2.3.1 Two Kinds of Covariance 38
2.3.2 Conservation Law and Symmetry 43
2.4 Field Equation of Gravity in Flat Spacetime 46
2.4.1 Physics Scheme 46
2.4.2 If Repulsive Matter Exists 49
2.4.3 Linearized Einstein’s Field Equation 52
2.4.4 Gravitational Waves 53
Equation of Gravitation Waves in Flat Vacuum 53
Detect Gravitation Waves with Interferometer 54
Can Gravitation Waves be Generated and Transported in Curved Spacetime? 56
2.4.5 Two Field Equations of Gravity 57
2.5 Zhou-Peng’s View of Spacetime 60
2.5.1 Curved Spacetime and Background Spacetime of Motion 60
2.5.2 Precession of Mercury’s Perihelion 61
No Precession in Newtonian Theory 61
No Precession in Curved Spacetime Too 62
Precession only in Flat Spacetime 63
Precession Problem Cannot be Resolved by Curved Spacetime 64
2.5.3 Gravitational Waves in Flat Spacetime 66
Chapter 3 Relativistic Cosmology 68
3.1 Local and Non-Local Physics 68
3.1.1 Locality of Relativistic Gravity 68
3.1.2 Non-Local Universe 69
3.2 The Standard Model of Cosmology 72
Density of Mass-Energy 72
Cosmological Constant 72
R-W Metric 72
Perfect Fluid 73
Energy Equation 73
Dynamic Equation 73
Physics Basis of the Standard Model 74
3.3 Difficulties in Relativistic Cosmology 74
3.3.1 Energy Equation is Equivalent to Newton’s Cosmology 74
3.3.2 Two Friedman Equations Contradict Each Other 76
3.3.3 Is Gravity or Pressure Driving the Universe? 77
Gravity Driven 77
Pressure Driven 79
3.3.4 Violation of Energy Conservation 81
Cosmological Constant 81
Energy Equation 82
Dynamic Equation 84
3.3.5 The Cosmological Constant Cannot Accelerate the Expansion 85
3.3.6 The Principle of Equivalence Does Not Hold 86
Chapter 4 Homogeneous, Isotropic and Flat Universe 88
4.1 Absolute Motion and Absolute Spacetime 88
4.2 Difficulties in Newtonian Mechanics and Cosmology 91
4.2.1 Newman-Seeliger’s Paradox and Obers’ Paradox 92
Newman-Seeliger’s Paradox 92
Olbers’ Paradox 92
4.2.2 Singularities 93
Singular Point 93
Infinite Potential Energy 93
4.2.3 Inertial System 94
4.3 The Gravitationally Neutral Universe 95
4.3.1 Philosophers’ Opinions 95
4.3.2 Local and Non-Local Gravity 97
Chapter 5 Thermal Equilibrium Universe 99
5.1 Thermal and Non-Thermal Radiation 99
5.1.1 Non-Thermal Electromagnetic Radiation of Moving Charges 99
5.1.2 Thermal Electromagnetic Radiation of Condensates 99
5.1.3 Non-Thermal Gravitational Radiation of Moving Material Objects 100
5.1.4 Cosmic Thermal Gravitational Radiation 100
5.2 Local and Non-Local Thermal Radiations 101
5.2.1 Blackbody Spectrum of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 101
5.2.2 The Universe without Baryons and Photons 103
5.2.3 Thermalization of Gravitation 105
5.3 Gravitational Radiation of the Dark Universe 106
5.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium of the Universe 106
Local Thermal Radiation 106
Non-Local Thermal Radiation 107
Thermal Equilibrium and Time Synchronization 107
5.3.2 Condensed Universe 108
5.3.3 Photons and Gravitational Phonons 110
5.4 Energy Conversion in Expanding Universe 111
5.4.1 Substance and Radiation 111
5.4.2 Energy Conservation 113
5.4.3 Photon-Phonon Thermal Transmission 114
5.5 Puzzles in Thermomass Energy 116
5.5.1 Guo Zeng-Yuan’s Problem 116
5.5.2 Schr¨odinger’s Problem 117
Chapter 6 Cosmic Dynamics 119
6.1 Symmetry of the Cosmic Spacetime 119
6.1.1 Non-Lorentz Invariance of the Cosmic Spacetime 119
6.1.2 Galileo, Lorentz and “General Covariances” 120
6.1.3 Galileo Symmetry of Cosmic Spacetime 122
6.2 Dynamics of Neutral Vacuum 124
6.2.1 Physical Image of the Expanding Universe 124
Homogeneous and Isotropic System 124
Expanding Universe 125
Reduction and Emergence 125
6.2.2 Energy Equation and Dynamic Equation 128
Energy Equation 128
Dynamic Equation 131
6.2.3 Expansion without Phase Transition 131
6.2.4 Cosmic Phase Transition 133
Landau Theory 133
Onsager Reciprocal Relations 134
6.2.5 Expansion of Neutral Condensed Universe 135
6.2.6 Cosmic Critical Phenomena 138
6.3 Local and Non-Local Motions 140
6.3.1 Expansion of the Cosmic Vacuum 140
6.3.2 Particle Dynamics 141
Chapter 7 Origin of the Universe 143
7.1 Inflation 143
7.2 Formation of Element Particles and Interactions 146
7.2.1 The Cosmological Constant Problem 146
7.2.2 Dirac’s Large Numbers 147
7.3 Lack of CMB Quadrupole Anisotropy 150
Chapter 8 What Is the Universe Made of? 158
8.1 The Composition of Matter in the Universe 158
8.2 Cosmic Perturbations 159
8.3 Dark Matter 162
8.3.1 Are There Dark-Matter Particles? 162
8.3.2 Dark-Matter Halo Thermodynamics 163
8.3.3 Dark-Matter Halo Dynamics 163
Small-Scale Problems 163
“The Axis of Evil” 165
8.4 Dark Energy 168
8.4.1 Cosmic Voids 168
8.4.2 Hard Cores of Black Holes 169
Explosion Mechanism of Supernova 169
Motion Direction of Pulsar 170
Jets of Black Holes 170
Chapter 9 Fundamental Framework of Physics 175
9.1 Space and Time 175
9.1.1 Inertial Frame and Flat Spacetime 175
9.1.2 Inertial Force and Reaction 177
9.2 Laozi’s Cosmology 180
9.2.1 Thales and Laozi 180
Western Wisdom 180
Eastern Wisdom 180
9.2.2 One and Many 182
“All Things Contain Yin and Yang” 182
Big Bang and Phase Transition of Vacuum 183
“Three Produced All Things” 183
9.3 Three Physical Worlds 184
9.3.1 Cosmic, Macro and Micro Physics 184
Cosmic World 184
Macro World 186
Micro World 187
Three Symmetries 187
Chronology Protection Conjecture 188
9.3.2 Historical Status of General Relativity 189
9.4 Advances in Physics 191
9.4.1 Revolution of Physics? 191
9.4.2 Global and Local 192
9.4.3 Continuous and Discrete 192
9.4.4 Linearity and Nonlinearity 193
Einstein’s Judgment 193
Must Laws of Nature be Described in Curved Spacetime? 193
Must Nonlinear Phenomena be Described by Nonlinear Equations? 194
Two Kinds of Nonlinearity 195
9.4.5 Return to Physics 197
“Nonlinear Mathematical Scheme” 197
Mathematical Conditions and Experiences 197
Two Kinds of Physical Theories 199
Modern Version of Ptolemaic System 201
Uniform Spacetime 202
Can Laws of Physics be Unified? 204
9.5 Methodology and Worldview 207
9.5.1 Describing Phenomena and Revealing Laws 208
Phenomenological Theory 208
General Relativity and Painting 211
General Relativity and Machine Learning 215
Key Facts and Big Data 216
9.5.2 Unipolar World and Multiplex Universe 218
Navigation Space 218
“Gravity Hegemony” 219
9.5.3 “Harmony is Achieved through Interaction” 220
9.5.4 Foundation of Rationality and Harmony 222
Appendix 1 Linearized Gravitational Field Equation 226
Appendix 2 Track Stability in the Schwarzschild Field 229
References 232
Postscript Gauge Field and Curved Spacetime 244
