基本介紹
- 中文名：大洋洲世界文化遺產
- 數量：32處
- 國家個數：11個
- 三個最大網站：鳳凰群島保護區和大堡礁等
簡介,地圖,
簡介
從該地區前三個銘文,大堡礁,卡卡杜國家公園和Willandra湖泊三年後,1981年——列表的創建。該地區包含世界上三個最大的網站:鳳凰群島保護區,Papahānaumokuākea和大堡礁。此外,塔斯馬尼亞荒原是世界上僅有的兩個網站,滿足的世界遺產清單10的標準(泰山另一個是在中國)。
| Site | Image | Location | Criteria | Area ha(acre) | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh/Naracoorte) | Natural: (viii), (ix) | 10,300 (25,000) | 1992 | Riversleigh and Naracoorte were inscribed for their extensivefossilrecords, and are listed among the ten richest deposits in the world. Both are illustrative of separate, key stages in theevolution of mammalson the Australian continent. Riversleigh has provided some of the earliestmammalianrecords from the middleCenozoic. The deposit at Naracoorte, Australia's largest, spans the much-more-recentPleistoceneepoch and the first migrations of humans to Australia. It contains some of the best-preserved examples of ice-agemegafauna. | ||
| Australian Convict Sites | Cultural: (iv), (vi) | 1,503 (3,710) | 2010 | There are over 3000convictsites remaining in Australia,which were established by the British Fleets in theearly colonial periodof Australia's history. Eleven of these sites were selected as the most outstanding examples in the country. | ||
| Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site | Ralik Chain, Marshall Islands | Cultural: (iv), (vi) | 0.97 (2.4) | 2010 | A total of 67nuclear weapons testswere conducted here by the United States between 1946 and 1958, including the detonation of the firsthydrogen bombin 1952. The tests had significant consequences on the health of the surrounding environment and its inhabitants. Thefalloutfrom theCastle Bravoexplosion in 1954 led to the most significantradiological contaminationin U.S. history. The site contains many visible remains of the effects of nuclear testing. | |
| Chief Roi Mata's Domain | Shefa, Vanuatu | Cultural: (iii), (v), (vi) | 886 (2,190) | 2008 | Consists of three sites on the islands ofEfate, Lelepa and Artok associated withRoy Mata, a 13th-century paramount chief whose social reforms have remained relevant to contemporary local society. It includes his residence in the abandoned settlement of Mangaas, the site of his death on Lelepa, and his burial site on the island of Artok. | |
| East Rennell | Rennell and Bellona, Solomon Islands | Natural: (ix) | 37,000 (91,000) | 1998 | Rennell Islandis the world's largestraised coral atoll. It is heavily forested and hosts high levels of endemism. The southern portion of the atoll surrounds its former lagoon,Te Nggano, which is now the largest lake in the Pacific Ocean. | |
| Fraser Island | Queensland, Australia | Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix) | 184,000 (450,000) | 1992 | Fraser Island is the world's largestsand island, composed of sand accumulated over approximately 750,000 years. It contains over 100 freshwater lakes, anddunesreaching up to 260m (850ft) above sea level. Due to naturally occurringmycorrhizalfungi present in the sand, it the only place in the world where tallrainforestgrows on sand. | |
| Gondwana Rainforests of Australia | Natural: (viii), (ix), (x) | 370,000 (910,000) | 1986 | This site was inscribed for its significance for geology and conservation. It covers a large number of protected areas in what is the most extensive area ofsubtropical rainforestin the world. It has an extremely high conservation value, with more than 200 rare or threatened plant and animal species. | ||
| Great Barrier Reef | Queensland, Australia | Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) | 34,870,000 (86,200,000) | 1981 | The world's largestcoral reefsystem, composed of over 2,900 individual reefs. It hosts an outstanding level ofmarine biodiversityand is considered likely to be the richest area in the world in terms of animal diversity. It is home to approximately 400 types ofcoral, and forms acritical habitatfor many endangered species. | |
| Greater Blue Mountains Area | New South Wales, Australia | Natural: (ix), (x) | 1,032,649 (2,551,730) | 2000 | An area ofsandstonetablelandsand gorges. Covered byeucalyptforest, the area was inscribed as a representation of Australia's biodiversity, with particular regard to the diversity of eucalypt species. It is composed of eight protected areas providing crucial habitats for many endangered species. | |
| Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park | Hawaiʻi, United States | Natural: (viii) | 92,934 (229,640) | 1987 | Located onHawaiʻi Island, it is home to two of the world's most active volcanoes:KilaueaandMauna Loa. As constantvolcanic activityis easily observed, the area has provided scientific insight into the processes ofvolcanism, including the birth of the Hawaiʻian Islands. | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | Heard and McDonald Islands, Australia | Natural: (viii), (ix) | 37,200 (92,000) | 1997 | These two islands are the only two active volcanoes in thesubantarctic, and were inscribed for their value to research inglaciologyandgeomorphic processes. Over three-quarters of Heard Island is covered byglaciers. Because of their remoteness, the ecosystem isundisturbed, with no history of significant human impact or anyintroduced species. | |
| Henderson Island | Pitcairn Islands, United Kingdom | Natural: (vii), (x) | 3,700 (9,100) | 1988 | One of the most remote islands in the world, Henderson is home to an ecosystem undisturbed by human activity and hosting multiple endemic species. It was inscribed as a tremendous value tonatural science, providing the opportunity to study thedynamicsof an isolated ecosystem. | |
| Kakadu National Park | Northern Territory, Australia | Mixed: (i), (vi), (vii), (ix), (x) | 1,979,766 (4,892,110) | 1981 | Kakadu's wetlands, covering over a third of the park, are consideredinternationally important.Several archaeological sites provide evidence of the area's habitation for more than 40,000 years. The pictographs atUbirr,BurrungguiandNanguluwuare internationally recognised as outstanding examples of ancientrock art, dating from over 18,000 years ago. | |
| Kuk Early Agricultural Site | Western Highlands, Papua New Guinea | Cultural: (iii), (iv) | 116 (290) | 2008 | Archaeological surveys at Kuk Swamp have provided evidence of primitiveirrigationandcultivationsystems from about 9,000 years ago, making it one of the earliest sites for thedevelopment of agriculturein the world. | |
| Lagoons of New Caledonia | New Caledonia, France | Natural: (vii), (ix), (x) | 1,574,300 (3,890,000) | 2008 | One of the three largest reef systems in the world, enclosing alagoonarea of 24,000km(9,300sqmi). The density of reef structures here is the most diverse in the world. It host a great diversity of species with a high level of endemism, and is an important habitat for endangered dugongs and sea turtles. | |
| Levuka Historical Port Town | Eastern Division, Fiji | Cultural: (ii), (iv) | 70 (170) | 2013 | ||
| Lord Howe Island Group | New South Wales, Australia | Natural: (vii), (x) | 1,540 (3,800) | 1982 | This island is the eroded remains of a seven million-year-oldshield volcano, the product of eruptions that lasted for about a half-million years.It is home to numerous endemic species, significant breeding colonies of seabirds, and the world's southernmost coral reef. | |
| Macquarie Island | Tasmania, Australia | Natural: (vii), (viii) | 540,000 (1,300,000) | 1997 | Lying atop a segment of theMacquarie Ridge, the island is the only place on earth where themantleis exposed above sea level. It contains evidence ofseafloor spreading. It was inscribed for its unique geological value. | |
| New Zealand Subantarctic Islands | Outlying Islands, New Zealand | Natural: (ix), (x) | 76,458 (188,930) | 1998 | Comprising theAntipodes Islands,Auckland Islands,Bounty Islands,Campbell IslandsandThe Snares. The islands are noted for the diversity and density of wildlife, with high levels of endemism. They are critical breeding ground for a range of species, and host huge breeding colonies of seabirds, penguins and sea lions. | |
| Ningaloo Reef | Western Australia, Australia | Natural: (vii), (x) | 705,015 (1,742,130) | 2011 | Noted for its exceptional marine biodiversity, including over 700 fish species and an abundance of endangeredsea turtles. It hosts the largest known seasonal aggregations ofwhale sharksand is part of the annual migration routes of dolphins, dugongs, manta rays and humpback whales. | |
| Papahānaumokuākea | Mixed: (iii), (vi) (viii), (ix), (x) | 36,207,499 (89,470,680) | 2010 | This chain of islands was formed as a result ofhotspot volcanism. It supports almost 7,000 marine species, one quarter of which are endemic, and is critical to the survival of several endangered species. The islands are spiritually significant to manyNative Hawaiians, being associated with the concept ofkinshipbetween man and nature. Two of the islands contain well-preservedheiaushrines. | ||
| Phoenix Islands Protected Area | Phoenix Islands, Kiribati | Natural: (vii), (ix) | 40,825,000 (100,880,000) | 2010 | Encompassing the sparsely inhabited, inhospitablePhoenix Islands, this reserve protects one of the world's largest oceanic wildernesses. It covers a variety of marine habitats, and forms a majorbreeding groundon themigrationroutes of several marine and seabird species. It is considered to be of vital significance in evaluating theconsequences of climate changeonsea levelsand thehealth of coralreefs. | |
| Purnululu National Park | Western Australia, Australia | Natural: (vii), (viii) | 239,723 (592,370) | 2003 | TheBungle Bungle Rangeis aDevonianplateau that has been heavily eroded into a dramatic landscape of conicalsandstonetowers. It is one of the largest network of sandstonekarstformations in the world, parts of which are sacred to the indigenousKijapeople. | |
| Rapa Nui National Park | Isla de Pascua, Chile | Cultural: (i), (iii), (v) | 7,130 (17,600) | 1995 | Covering almost half of Easter Island, this park showcases the uniquecultural landscapeproduced by the isolatedRapanuicivilisation. Its most recognisable features are the distinctivemoaistatues and ceremonial shrines (ahu). It was inscribed on the list as a "remarkable cultural phenomenon". | |
| Rock Islands Southern Lagoon | Koror, Palau | Mixed: (iii), (v), (vii), (ix), (x) | 100,200 (248,000) | 2012 | Rock Islands Southern Lagoon covers 100,200-hectare and numbers 445 uninhabited limestone islands of volcanic origin. Many of them display unique mushroom-like shapes in turquoise lagoons surrounded by coral reefs. The site features over 385 coral species and different types of habitat. The site harbours the highest concentration of marine lakes anywhere, isolated bodies of seawater separated from the ocean by land barriers. | |
| Royal Exhibition BuildingandCarlton Gardens | Cultural: (ii) | 26 (64) | 2004 | Made to host theworld's fairin 1880, this is one of the world's last exhibition buildings from the 19th century, and combines several architectural styles. The adjacent gardens are an outstanding example of Victorian eralandscape design. | ||
| Shark Bay | Western Australia, Australia | Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) | 2,197,300 (5,430,000) | 1991 | With the largest and richest area ofseagrassmeadows in the world, this site is a critical habitat for endangereddugongs,hosting about 12% of the world's population.Hamelin Poolcontains the world's most diverse and abundant colony of livingstromatolites, providing some of the earliest records of life on earth. | |
| Sydney Opera House | New South Wales, Australia | Cultural: (i) | 5.80 (14.3) | 2007 | Opened in 1973, this performing arts complex is an iconic landmark ofSydney Harbourrenowned for its innovative architecture. The design is an example of theexpressioniststyle and has had a lasting influence on architecture. | |
| Tasmanian Wilderness | Tasmania, Australia | Mixed: (iii), (iv), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) | 1,407,513 (3,478,040) | 1982 | Covering almost 20% of Tasmania, this area constitutes one of the world's last stretches oftemperate wilderness. It is dominated by the remote and inaccessibleSouth West Wildernessarea. Excavations in the area have uncovered evidence ofaboriginalpresence dating from at least 20,000 years ago. | |
| Te Wahipounamu | South Island, New Zealand | Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) | 2,600,000 (6,400,000) | 1990 | A mountainous landscape of ridges andfjordsshaped by thousands of years ofglacial excavation. The area incorporates several national parks and is the most pristine wilderness in New Zealand. It hosts the best surviving illustration of ancientGondwananwildlife, much of which is rare and unique to the area. | |
| Tongariro National Park | Ruapehu, New Zealand | Mixed: (vi), (vii), (viii) | 79,596 (196,690) | 1990 | Inscribed for its outstanding geological and cultural significance. It contains a diverse range of volcanic features. Many of its summits aresacredtoMāori, as their traditionalbelief systemassociates the mountains with their ancient ancestors. | |
| Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park | Northern Territory, Australia | Mixed: (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) | 132,566 (327,580) | 1987 | Inscribed for its archaeological and cultural significance, being representative ofAboriginalspiritualconnectionto the land. The park's two massivesandstone formations,UluṟuandKata Tjuṯa, are spiritually significant to theAnangupeople, and form part of thetjukurpabelief system.Cave paintingsfound at Uluru date back tens of thousands of years. | |
| Wet Tropics of Queensland | Queensland, Australia | Natural: (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) | 894,420 (2,210,200) | 1988 | An area oftropical rainforestspread along theGreat Dividing Range. The area hosts an exceptional level of biodiversity, with at least 85 endemic species and the highest concentration ofprimitivetaxa in the world.It is also an important area for unique and endangeredmarsupials. | |
| Willandra Lakes Region | New South Wales, Australia | Mixed: (iii), (viii) | 240,000 (590,000) | 1981 | A geological site containing fossilised remains of sand formations. It includes exceptional archaeological evidence of past human habitation from45–60,000 years ago, including the world's oldestcremationsite, theLake Mungo remains. |
地圖
大洋洲世界文化遺產