謠言自古有之，於今尤甚。隨著網路技術的發展，日常生活中的謠言開始與網路相結合，並逐步展示出一些新的特點。國內學者對此進行了一系列的研究，而本文主要關注的是當前國區域網路絡謠言的研究現狀。本文對當前網路謠言研究的成果進行了總結，同時分析了學者們所運用的理論和採用的研究方法，巨觀上把握我國當前網路謠言研究的大的方向，從而提出我國學者可以繼續研究的領域。
基本介紹
- 中文名：基於事件的網路謠言研究
- 特點：數位化
- 分類：社會
- 領域：公共領域
中文摘要,外文摘要,
中文摘要
在網路環境下，謠言的傳播方式發生了根本的變化。作為傳統謠言存在基礎的人際傳播和口頭傳播，已經被網路謠言的傳播網路化和內容數位化所取代。過去謠言要靠耳朵去“聽”，現在則是用眼睛來“看”。這種轉變意味著網路謠言可以在時間上存續和空間上延展，使網路謠言從私人社交的小圈子走向公共領域，由私人話題變成公眾話題，網路謠言的社會性才像新聞性一樣受到學者們的關注。網路謠言表現出來的巨大破壞作用在不斷地挑戰人們的認知極限，同時也引起了學者們的研究興趣。
如果現在還固守傳統謠言認知和理解不放，還認為是“一小撮別有用心”的人在造謠， “不明真相”的民眾...>> 詳細
如果現在還固守傳統謠言認知和理解不放，還認為是“一小撮別有用心”的人在造謠， “不明真相”的民眾...>> 詳細
在網路環境下，謠言的傳播方式發生了根本的變化。作為傳統謠言存在基礎的人際傳播和口頭傳播，已經被網路謠言的傳播網路化和內容數位化所取代。過去謠言要靠耳朵去“聽”，現在則是用眼睛來“看”。這種轉變意味著網路謠言可以在時間上存續和空間上延展，使網路謠言從私人社交的小圈子走向公共領域，由私人話題變成公眾話題，網路謠言的社會性才像新聞性一樣受到學者們的關注。網路謠言表現出來的巨大破壞作用在不斷地挑戰人們的認知極限，同時也引起了學者們的研究興趣。
如果現在還固守傳統謠言認知和理解不放，還認為是“一小撮別有用心”的人在造謠， “不明真相”的民眾相信和傳播謠言，無異於閉目塞聽。在網路上我們看到的謠言，只是體現了謠言的新聞性。網路謠言具有雙重屬性，除了新聞性，還有社會性。網路謠言的社會性表現在，微觀上是社會公眾內心情緒的投射，或者是內心刻板成見的反應；巨觀上是一種群體選擇，反應的是群體共識和社會焦慮，是在特定的時期和社會背景下，公眾的社會心態使然。只有認識到網路謠言的社會性，才會以社會整體的視角和高度來觀察和研究網路謠言現象和網路謠言傳播，才能關注到謠言背後的內在聯繫，而不再把網路謠言視為孤立事件。
文章採用了社會網路分析和過程事件分析兩種研究方法。通過社會網路分析方法找到了30個網路謠言案例之間的關聯關係，發現這些網路謠言案例本來就是一個有機的整體。作為網路謠言載體的這些公眾事件，彼此關聯的強弱就是社會焦慮程度的反應。再通過52個網路謠言關鍵字之間的關聯關係，以及它們與中心關鍵字所組成一個個可視化的圖形網路，投射出公眾整體的社會心態和社會焦慮。這是那些網路謠言個案研究無論如何也做不到的。
將這些社會心態與“社會心態藍皮書”報告進行比較，發現儘管數據來源和研究方法不同，但兩者關於我國公眾社會心態的結論是基本一致的，說明基於社會網路分析得出的社會心態結論具有可靠性和代表性。這不僅是當前我國公眾的社會心態或者社會焦慮的揭示，還可以讀懂了網路謠言背後的潛台詞，了解到網路謠言傳播無意識的內在動力。
揭示了網路謠言背後的社會存在，就可以進一步了解網路謠言擴散傳播的一般規律，以便採取有效的應對措施。網路謠言擴散傳播規律的認識，源於網路謠言典型案例的“過程一事件分析”。這種分析方法將研究的對象由靜態的結構轉向由若干事件所構成的動態過程，也就是分析網路謠言過程中細節因素對整個事件的發展與走向所產生的影響，據此總結出網路謠言擴散傳播的一般路徑，並提出了網路謠言“三級擴散”的發展模式。
按照“三級擴散”發展模式，網路謠言的傳播擴散過程依次為動員階段、移情階段和擴散階段。動員階段是要公眾知道發生了什麼事件，並了解公眾對事件的態度，以確定謠言未來發展和走向。移情階段是將網路謠言指向公眾普遍關心的一個社會問題，儘管這個問題表面上與事件本身無關，但它反應的是一種普遍存在的社會心態和社會焦慮，或是公眾內心的刻板成見。擴散階段是從一種社會情緒擴散到其它更多的社會情緒，與移情階段單一社會問題不同的是，它反應了更多的社會問題。“三級擴散”由一個階段進入下一個階段之前，都存在遏止網路謠言發展的時間視窗，也是阻止網路謠言升級的最佳時機。
網路謠言的存在具有現實的合理性與正當性，並非意味著人們在網路謠言面前無能為力。當我們不能直接影響或控制網路謠言產生的外部環境時，就應該採取“次級控制”策略，試圖理解和解釋正在發生的事情，取得解釋性控制，“三級擴散”模式中的時間視窗是對網路謠言取得解釋性控制的最佳時機。解釋正在發生的事情時，應注意遵循如下原則：關注公眾利益訴求、權威第三方進行解釋、第一時間出面解釋、信息公開透明、說話留有餘地、口徑一致原則和情感原則。現行適用於網路謠言的法律還存在一些不足，比如適用法律不清、處罰主體不明、懲戒客體不清和量刑彈性過大等，只有完善了適用於網路謠言的法律體系，才能讓散布謠言的行為得到懲戒，才能更有效地遏止網路謠言的傳播。
關鍵字：網路謠言 公眾事件 社會心態 社會焦慮 網路傳播
如果現在還固守傳統謠言認知和理解不放，還認為是“一小撮別有用心”的人在造謠， “不明真相”的民眾相信和傳播謠言，無異於閉目塞聽。在網路上我們看到的謠言，只是體現了謠言的新聞性。網路謠言具有雙重屬性，除了新聞性，還有社會性。網路謠言的社會性表現在，微觀上是社會公眾內心情緒的投射，或者是內心刻板成見的反應；巨觀上是一種群體選擇，反應的是群體共識和社會焦慮，是在特定的時期和社會背景下，公眾的社會心態使然。只有認識到網路謠言的社會性，才會以社會整體的視角和高度來觀察和研究網路謠言現象和網路謠言傳播，才能關注到謠言背後的內在聯繫，而不再把網路謠言視為孤立事件。
文章採用了社會網路分析和過程事件分析兩種研究方法。通過社會網路分析方法找到了30個網路謠言案例之間的關聯關係，發現這些網路謠言案例本來就是一個有機的整體。作為網路謠言載體的這些公眾事件，彼此關聯的強弱就是社會焦慮程度的反應。再通過52個網路謠言關鍵字之間的關聯關係，以及它們與中心關鍵字所組成一個個可視化的圖形網路，投射出公眾整體的社會心態和社會焦慮。這是那些網路謠言個案研究無論如何也做不到的。
將這些社會心態與“社會心態藍皮書”報告進行比較，發現儘管數據來源和研究方法不同，但兩者關於我國公眾社會心態的結論是基本一致的，說明基於社會網路分析得出的社會心態結論具有可靠性和代表性。這不僅是當前我國公眾的社會心態或者社會焦慮的揭示，還可以讀懂了網路謠言背後的潛台詞，了解到網路謠言傳播無意識的內在動力。
揭示了網路謠言背後的社會存在，就可以進一步了解網路謠言擴散傳播的一般規律，以便採取有效的應對措施。網路謠言擴散傳播規律的認識，源於網路謠言典型案例的“過程一事件分析”。這種分析方法將研究的對象由靜態的結構轉向由若干事件所構成的動態過程，也就是分析網路謠言過程中細節因素對整個事件的發展與走向所產生的影響，據此總結出網路謠言擴散傳播的一般路徑，並提出了網路謠言“三級擴散”的發展模式。
按照“三級擴散”發展模式，網路謠言的傳播擴散過程依次為動員階段、移情階段和擴散階段。動員階段是要公眾知道發生了什麼事件，並了解公眾對事件的態度，以確定謠言未來發展和走向。移情階段是將網路謠言指向公眾普遍關心的一個社會問題，儘管這個問題表面上與事件本身無關，但它反應的是一種普遍存在的社會心態和社會焦慮，或是公眾內心的刻板成見。擴散階段是從一種社會情緒擴散到其它更多的社會情緒，與移情階段單一社會問題不同的是，它反應了更多的社會問題。“三級擴散”由一個階段進入下一個階段之前，都存在遏止網路謠言發展的時間視窗，也是阻止網路謠言升級的最佳時機。
網路謠言的存在具有現實的合理性與正當性，並非意味著人們在網路謠言面前無能為力。當我們不能直接影響或控制網路謠言產生的外部環境時，就應該採取“次級控制”策略，試圖理解和解釋正在發生的事情，取得解釋性控制，“三級擴散”模式中的時間視窗是對網路謠言取得解釋性控制的最佳時機。解釋正在發生的事情時，應注意遵循如下原則：關注公眾利益訴求、權威第三方進行解釋、第一時間出面解釋、信息公開透明、說話留有餘地、口徑一致原則和情感原則。現行適用於網路謠言的法律還存在一些不足，比如適用法律不清、處罰主體不明、懲戒客體不清和量刑彈性過大等，只有完善了適用於網路謠言的法律體系，才能讓散布謠言的行為得到懲戒，才能更有效地遏止網路謠言的傳播。
關鍵字：網路謠言 公眾事件 社會心態 社會焦慮 網路傳播
外文摘要
Under the environment of Internet, the transmission of rumors has been changed radically. Interpersonal communication and oral communication which used to be the basis of traditional rumors have been replaced by Internet transmission and digital content of Internet rumors. In the past rumors were "heard" by ears, now "read" by eyes. The change means Internet rumors can be extended in time and space, from private social circle to public area, from private talk to open subject, making the social...>> 詳細
Under the environment of Internet, the transmission of rumors has been changed radically. Interpersonal communication and oral communication which used to be the basis of traditional rumors have been replaced by Internet transmission and digital content of Internet rumors. In the past rumors were "heard" by ears, now "read" by eyes. The change means Internet rumors can be extended in time and space, from private social circle to public area, from private talk to open subject, making the sociality of the Internet rumors draw as much attention as its news nature among scholars. The devastating of Internet rumors not only challenged people''s cognitive limits but also attracted scholars'' research interest
In nowadays, it is out reach of reality if adhered to the knowledge and understanding of traditional rumors and believed that "a small number of people with ulterior motives" are making rumors and masses "with no idea of the truth" believe and spread rumors. Rumors we read on the Internet only reflect the news nature. However, Internet rumors are with two characters including news nature and sociality nature. The sociality nature of rumors reflects the projection of inner emotions of the public or their inner response to rigid stereotypes in micro way; or the group choice, reflecting group consensus and social suspense which come from the social mentality of the public in a particular time and social background in macro way. Only if we recognize the sociality nature of Internet rumors can we observe and study Internet rumor and its transmission and find out the inherence behind rumors without regarding Internet rumors as isolated incident
This assay have used two kinds of research methods, which are Social Network Analysis and Process-Incident Analysis. The assay discovers the correlation of 30 cases of Internet rumors through the way of Social Network Analysis and finds out that all the cases turned out to be an organic whole. As the carrier of Internet rumors, the correlation of all the public affairs reflects social suspense. The assay also projects social mentality and social suspense of overall public through visualized graphical networks from the association of 52 keywords of Internet rumors and center keywords, which the individual case of Internet rumors can never make.
Comparing these social mentalities with the report of ANNUAL REPORT ON SOCIAL MENTANLITY IN CHINA, we can find that though with different data sources and research approaches, both drew mostly the same conclusion on public social mentality in China, which shows the reliability and representative of social mentality based on Social Network Analysis. It not only reveals the social mentality or social suspense of the public but also helps read the subtext behind the Internet rumors and understand unconscious intrinsic motivation of Internet rumors transmission.
If we reveal the social existence behind Internet rumors, we can further understand the general law of transmission and diffusion of Internet rumors to take effective measures to deal with. The understanding of law of the transmission and diffusion of Internet rumors comes from the "Process-Incident Analysis" of the typical cases of Internet rumors. The analysis turns the research object from static structure to dynamic process of a number of affairs, which is to analyze the impacts on the development and trend of the entire affairs made through details in the process of Internet rumors, thus to summarize the general approach of spreading and diffusing internet rumors and put forward the development mode of the "Three Diffusion" of Internet rumors.
In the light of the development mode of "Three Diffusion", the spread and diffusion of Internet rumors can be divided into three phases including mobilization phase, transference phase and diffusion phase. Mobilization phase is to make public understood what happened and to find out what attitude the public towards the affair, thus to ascertain the development and trend of the rumors. Transference phase is to attribute Internet rumors to a social problem generally concerned by public. Though on the surface it has nothing to do with the affair itself, it reflects the prevailing social mentality and social suspense or the rigid stereotype in the public mind. Diffusion phase is to spread from one social mood to other social moods, reflecting more social problems, which is different from the single social problem of the transference phase. There will be a time window to stop the development of Internet rumors before one phase steps into the other phase, which is the best time to prevent Internet rumors from updating.
The existence of Internet rumors is of practical rationality and legitimacy, which doesn''t mean people are powerless before Internet rumors. When we cannot directly influence or control the exterior environment of Internet rumors, we should adopt "Secondary Control" strategy which is to try to understand and interpret what is happening to obtain explanatory control during the time window of the "Three Diffusion" mode, the best time to obtain explanatory control. When explaining what is happening, the following rules should be follow, including primacy of public interest principle, authorized third party disclose principle, first time response principle, information transparency principle, leeway principle, consistency principle and emotion principle. There are still some shortcomings of the existing laws applied in internet rumors, such as the applicable laws are unclear, the punishment subject is unknown; the punishment object is unclear, the flexibility of sentencing is to much and so on. Only if we perfect the legal system for Internet rumors can we punish and prevent the behavior of spreading rumors and effectively stop the transmission.
[Keywords]
Internet Rumor, Public Affairs, Social Mentality, Social Suspense, Internet Communication
In nowadays, it is out reach of reality if adhered to the knowledge and understanding of traditional rumors and believed that "a small number of people with ulterior motives" are making rumors and masses "with no idea of the truth" believe and spread rumors. Rumors we read on the Internet only reflect the news nature. However, Internet rumors are with two characters including news nature and sociality nature. The sociality nature of rumors reflects the projection of inner emotions of the public or their inner response to rigid stereotypes in micro way; or the group choice, reflecting group consensus and social suspense which come from the social mentality of the public in a particular time and social background in macro way. Only if we recognize the sociality nature of Internet rumors can we observe and study Internet rumor and its transmission and find out the inherence behind rumors without regarding Internet rumors as isolated incident
This assay have used two kinds of research methods, which are Social Network Analysis and Process-Incident Analysis. The assay discovers the correlation of 30 cases of Internet rumors through the way of Social Network Analysis and finds out that all the cases turned out to be an organic whole. As the carrier of Internet rumors, the correlation of all the public affairs reflects social suspense. The assay also projects social mentality and social suspense of overall public through visualized graphical networks from the association of 52 keywords of Internet rumors and center keywords, which the individual case of Internet rumors can never make.
Comparing these social mentalities with the report of ANNUAL REPORT ON SOCIAL MENTANLITY IN CHINA, we can find that though with different data sources and research approaches, both drew mostly the same conclusion on public social mentality in China, which shows the reliability and representative of social mentality based on Social Network Analysis. It not only reveals the social mentality or social suspense of the public but also helps read the subtext behind the Internet rumors and understand unconscious intrinsic motivation of Internet rumors transmission.
If we reveal the social existence behind Internet rumors, we can further understand the general law of transmission and diffusion of Internet rumors to take effective measures to deal with. The understanding of law of the transmission and diffusion of Internet rumors comes from the "Process-Incident Analysis" of the typical cases of Internet rumors. The analysis turns the research object from static structure to dynamic process of a number of affairs, which is to analyze the impacts on the development and trend of the entire affairs made through details in the process of Internet rumors, thus to summarize the general approach of spreading and diffusing internet rumors and put forward the development mode of the "Three Diffusion" of Internet rumors.
In the light of the development mode of "Three Diffusion", the spread and diffusion of Internet rumors can be divided into three phases including mobilization phase, transference phase and diffusion phase. Mobilization phase is to make public understood what happened and to find out what attitude the public towards the affair, thus to ascertain the development and trend of the rumors. Transference phase is to attribute Internet rumors to a social problem generally concerned by public. Though on the surface it has nothing to do with the affair itself, it reflects the prevailing social mentality and social suspense or the rigid stereotype in the public mind. Diffusion phase is to spread from one social mood to other social moods, reflecting more social problems, which is different from the single social problem of the transference phase. There will be a time window to stop the development of Internet rumors before one phase steps into the other phase, which is the best time to prevent Internet rumors from updating.
The existence of Internet rumors is of practical rationality and legitimacy, which doesn''t mean people are powerless before Internet rumors. When we cannot directly influence or control the exterior environment of Internet rumors, we should adopt "Secondary Control" strategy which is to try to understand and interpret what is happening to obtain explanatory control during the time window of the "Three Diffusion" mode, the best time to obtain explanatory control. When explaining what is happening, the following rules should be follow, including primacy of public interest principle, authorized third party disclose principle, first time response principle, information transparency principle, leeway principle, consistency principle and emotion principle. There are still some shortcomings of the existing laws applied in internet rumors, such as the applicable laws are unclear, the punishment subject is unknown; the punishment object is unclear, the flexibility of sentencing is to much and so on. Only if we perfect the legal system for Internet rumors can we punish and prevent the behavior of spreading rumors and effectively stop the transmission.
[Keywords]
Internet Rumor, Public Affairs, Social Mentality, Social Suspense, Internet Communication
