《Understanding Physics》是2011年2月出版的圖書，作者是O'Sullivan-Univ. College Cork, Ireland。
基本介紹
- 外文名：Understanding Physics
- 作者：O'Sullivan Colm,Mansfield Michael,
- 出版時間：2011年2月
- ISBN：9780470746387
目錄
Preface to Second Edition.
1 Understanding the physical universe.
1.1 The programme of physics.
1.2 The building blocks of matter.
1.3 Matter in bulk.
1.4 The fundamental interactions.
1.5 Exploring the physical universe: the scientific method.
1.6 The role of physics: its scope and applications.
2 Using mathematical tools in physics.
2.1 Applying the scientific method.
2.2 The use of variables to represent displacement and time.
2.3 Representation of data.
2.4 The use of differentiation in analysis: velocity and acceleration in linear motion.
2.5 The use of integration in analysis.
2.6 Maximum and minimum values of physical variables: general linear motion.
2.7 Angular motion: the radian.
2.8 The role of mathematics in physics.
Worked examples.
Problems.
3 The causes of motion: dynamics.
3.1 The concept of force.
3.2 The first law of dynamics (Newton’s first law).
3.3 The fundamental dynamical principle (Newton’s second law).
3.4 Systems of units: SI.
3.5 Time dependent forces: oscillatory motion.
3.6 Simple harmonic motion.
3.7 Mechanical work and energy: power.
3.8 Energy in simple harmonic motion.
3.9 Dissipative forces: damped harmonic motion.
3.10 Forced oscillations.
3.11 Nonlinear dynamics: chaos.
Worked examples.
Problems.
4 Motion in two and three dimensions.
4.1 Vector physical quantities.
4.2 Vector algebra.
4.3 Velocity and acceleration vectors.
4.4 Force as a vector quantity: vector form of the laws of dynamics.
4.5 Constraint forces.
4.6 Friction.
4.7 Motion in a circle: centripetal force.
4.8 Motion in a circle at constant speed.
4.9 Tangential and radial components of acceleration.
4.10 Hybrid motion: the simple pendulum.
4.11 Angular quantities as vectors: the cross product.
Worked examples.
Problems.
5 Force fields.
5.1 Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
5.2 Force fields.
5.3 The concept of flux.
5.4 Gauss’ law for gravitation.
5.5 Motion in a constant uniform field: projectiles.
5.6 Mechanical work and energy.
5.7 Energy in a constant uniform field.
5.8 Energy in an inverse square law field.
5.9 Moment of a force: angular momentum.
5.10 Planetary motion: circular orbits.
5.11 Planetary motion: elliptical orbits and Kepler’s laws.
Worked examples.
Problems.
6 Many-body interactions.
6.1 Newton’s third law.
6.2 The principle of conservation of momentum.
6.3 Mechanical energy of a system of particles.
6.4 Particle decay.
6.5 Particle collisions.
6.6 The centre of mass of a system.
6.7 The two-body problem: reduced mass.
6.8 Angular momentum of a system of particles.
6.9 Conservation principles in physics.
Worked examples.
Problems.
7 Rigid body dynamics.
7.1 Rigid bodies.
7.2 Rigid bodies in equilibrium: statics.
7.3 Torque.
7.4 Dynamics of rigid bodies.
7.5 Measurement of torque: the torsion balance.
7.6 Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: moment of inertia.
7.7 Calculation of moments of inertia: the parallel axis theorem.
7.8 Conservation of angular momentum of rigid bodies.
7.9 Conservation of mechanical energy in rigid body systems.
7.10 Work done by a torque: torsional oscillations: rotational power.
7.11 Gyroscopic motion.
7.12 Summary: connection between rotational and translational motions.
Worked examples.
Problems.
8 Relative motion.
8.1 Applicability of Newton’s laws of motion: inertial reference frames.
8.2 The Galilean transformation.
8.3 The CM (centre-of-mass) reference frame.
8.4 Example of a noninertial frame: centrifugal force.
8.5 Motion in a rotating frame: the Coriolis force.
8.6 The Foucault pendulum.
8.7 Practical criteria for inertial frames: the local view.
Worked examples.
Problems.
9 Special relativity.
9.1 The velocity of light.
9.2 The principle of relativity.
9.3 Consequences of the principle of relativity.
9.4 The Lorentz transformation.
9.5 The Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction.
9.6 Time dilation.
9.7 Paradoxes in special relativity.
9.8 Relativistic transformation of velocity.
9.9 Momentum in relativistic mechanics.
9.10 Four-vectors: the energy-momentum 4-vector.
9.11 Energy-momentum transformations: relativistic energy conservation.
9.12 Relativistic energy: mass-energy equivalence.
9.13 Units in relativistic mechanics.
9.14 Mass-energy equivalence in practice.
9.15 General relativity.
9.16 Simultaneity: quantitative analysis of the twin paradox.
Worked examples.
Problems.
10 Continuum mechanics: mechanical properties of materials.
10.1 Dynamics of continuous media.
10.2 Elastic properties of solids.
10.3 Fluids at rest.
10.4 Elastic properties of fluids.
10.5 Pressure in gases.
10.6 Archimedes’ principle.
10.7 Fluid dynamics.
10.8 Viscosity.
10.9 Surface properties of liquids.
10.10 Boyle’s law (Mariotte’s law).
10.11 A microscopic theory of gases.
10.12 The mole.
10.13 Interatomic forces: modifications to the kinetic theory of gases.
10.14 Microscopic models of condensed matter systems.
Worked examples.
Problems.
11 Thermal physics.
11.1 Friction and heating.
11.2 Temperature scales.
11.3 Heat capacities of thermal systems.
11.4 Comparison of specific heat capacities: calorimetry.
11.5 Thermal conductivity.
11.6 Convection.
11.7 Thermal radiation.
11.8 Thermal expansion.
11.9 The first law of thermodynamics.
11.10 Change of phase: latent heat.
11.11 The equation of state of an ideal gas.
11.12 Isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic processes: free expansion.
11.13 The Carnot cycle.
11.14 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics.
11.15 The Helmholtz and Gibbs functions.
11.16 Microscopic interpretation of temperature.
11.17 Polyatomic molecules: principle of equipartition of energy.
11.18 Ideal gas in a gravitational field: the ‘law of atmospheres’.
11.19 Ensemble averages and distribution functions.
11.20 The distribution of molecular velocities in an ideal gas.
11.21 Distribution of molecular speeds, momenta and energies.
11.22 Microscopic interpretation of temperature and heat capacity in solids.
Worked examples.
Problems.
12 Wave Motion.
12.1 Characteristics of wave motion.
12.2 Representation of a wave which is travelling in one dimension.
12.3 Energy and power in a wave motion.
12.4 Plane and spherical waves.
12.5 Huygen’s principle: the laws of reflection and refraction.
12.6 Interference between waves.
12.7 Interference of waves passing through openings: diffraction.
12.8 Standing waves.
12.9 The Doppler effect.
12.10 The wave equation.
12.11 Waves along a string.
12.12 Waves in elastic media: longitudinal waves in a solid rod.
12.13 Waves in elastic media: sound waves in gases.
12.14 Superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies: wave and group velocities.
12.15 Other waveforms: Fourier analysis.
Worked examples.
Problems.
13 Introduction to quantum mechanics.
13.1 Physics at the beginning of the twentieth century.
13.2 The blackbody radiation problem.
13.3 The photoelectric effect.
13.4 The X-ray continuum.
13.5 The Compton effect: the photon model.
13.6 The de Broglie hypothesis: electron waves.
13.7 Interpretation of wave-particle duality.
13.8 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
13.9 The wavefunction: expectation values.
13.10 The Schrödinger (wave mechanical) method.
13.11 The free particle.
13.12 The time-independent Shrödinger equation: eigenfunctions and eigenvalues.
13.13 The infinite square potential well.
13.14 The potential step.
13.15 Other potential wells and barriers.
13.16 The simple harmonic oscillator.
13.17 Further implications of quantum mechanics.
Worked examples.
Problems.
14 Electric currents.
14.1 Electric currents.
14.2 Force between currents.
14.3 The unit of electric current.
14.4 Heating effect revisited: electrical resistance.
14.5 Strength of a power supply: emf.
14.6 Resistance of a circuit.
14.7 Potential difference.
14.8 Effect of internal resistance.
14.9 Comparison of emfs: the potentiometer.
14.10 Multiloop circuits.
14.11 Kirchhoff’s rules.
14.12 Comparison of resistances: the Wheatstone bridge.
14.13 Power supplies connected in parallel.
14.14 Resistivity.
14.15 Variation of resistance with temperature.
Worked examples.
Problems.
15 Electric fields.
15.1 The electric charge model.
15.2 Interpretation of electric current in terms of charge.
15.3 Electric fields: electric field strength.
15.4 Force between point charges: Coulomb’s law.
15.5 Electric flux and electric flux density.
15.6 Electric fields due to systems of point charges.
15.7 Gauss’ law for electrostatics.
15.8 Potential difference in electric fields: electric potential.
15.9 Acceleration of charged particles.
15.10 Dielectric materials.
15.11 Capacitors.
15.12 Capacitors in series and in parallel.
15.13 Charge and discharge of a capacitor through a resistor.
Worked examples.
Problems.
16 Magnetic fields.
16.1 Magnetism.
16.2 The work of Ampère, Biot and Savart.
16.3 Magnetic pole strength.
16.4 Magnetic field strength.
16.5 Ampère’s law.
16.6 The Biot-Savart law.
16.7 Applications of the Biot-Savart law.
16.8 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density.
16.9 Magnetic fields due to systems of poles.
16.10 Forces between magnets.
16.11 Forces between currents and magnets.
16.12 The permeability of vacuum.
16.13 Current loop in a magnetic field.
16.14 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic materials.
16.15 Moving coil meters and electric motors.
16.16 Magnetic fields due to moving charges.
16.17 Force on an electric charge in a magnetic field.
16.18 Magnetic dipole moments of charged particles in closed orbits.
16.19 Electric and magnetic fields in moving reference frames.
Worked examples.
Problems.
3.7 Mechanical work and energy: power.
3.8 Energy in simple harmonic motion.
3.9 Dissipative forces: damped harmonic motion.
3.10 Forced oscillations.
3.11 Nonlinear dynamics: chaos.
Worked examples.
Problems.
4 Motion in two and three dimensions.
4.1 Vector physical quantities.
4.2 Vector algebra.
4.3 Velocity and acceleration vectors.
4.4 Force as a vector quantity: vector form of the laws of dynamics.
4.5 Constraint forces.
4.6 Friction.
4.7 Motion in a circle: centripetal force.
4.8 Motion in a circle at constant speed.
4.9 Tangential and radial components of acceleration.
4.10 Hybrid motion: the simple pendulum.
4.11 Angular quantities as vectors: the cross product.
Worked examples.
Problems.
5 Force fields.
5.1 Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
5.2 Force fields.
5.3 The concept of flux.
5.4 Gauss’ law for gravitation.
5.5 Motion in a constant uniform field: projectiles.
5.6 Mechanical work and energy.
5.7 Energy in a constant uniform field.
5.8 Energy in an inverse square law field.
5.9 Moment of a force: angular momentum.
5.10 Planetary motion: circular orbits.
5.11 Planetary motion: elliptical orbits and Kepler’s laws.
Worked examples.
Problems.
6 Many-body interactions.
6.1 Newton’s third law.
6.2 The principle of conservation of momentum.
6.3 Mechanical energy of a system of particles.
6.4 Particle decay.
6.5 Particle collisions.
6.6 The centre of mass of a system.
6.7 The two-body problem: reduced mass.
6.8 Angular momentum of a system of particles.
6.9 Conservation principles in physics.
Worked examples.
Problems.
7 Rigid body dynamics.
7.1 Rigid bodies.
7.2 Rigid bodies in equilibrium: statics.
7.3 Torque.
7.4 Dynamics of rigid bodies.
7.5 Measurement of torque: the torsion balance.
7.6 Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: moment of inertia.
7.7 Calculation of moments of inertia: the parallel axis theorem.
7.8 Conservation of angular momentum of rigid bodies.
7.9 Conservation of mechanical energy in rigid body systems.
7.10 Work done by a torque: torsional oscillations: rotational power.
7.11 Gyroscopic motion.
7.12 Summary: connection between rotational and translational motions.
Worked examples.
Problems.
8 Relative motion.
8.1 Applicability of Newton’s laws of motion: inertial reference frames.
8.2 The Galilean transformation.
8.3 The CM (centre-of-mass) reference frame.
8.4 Example of a noninertial frame: centrifugal force.
8.5 Motion in a rotating frame: the Coriolis force.
8.6 The Foucault pendulum.
8.7 Practical criteria for inertial frames: the local view.
Worked examples.
Problems.
9 Special relativity.
9.1 The velocity of light.
9.2 The principle of relativity.
9.3 Consequences of the principle of relativity.
9.4 The Lorentz transformation.
9.5 The Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction.
9.6 Time dilation.
9.7 Paradoxes in special relativity.
9.8 Relativistic transformation of velocity.
9.9 Momentum in relativistic mechanics.
9.10 Four-vectors: the energy-momentum 4-vector.
9.11 Energy-momentum transformations: relativistic energy conservation.
9.12 Relativistic energy: mass-energy equivalence.
9.13 Units in relativistic mechanics.
9.14 Mass-energy equivalence in practice.
9.15 General relativity.
9.16 Simultaneity: quantitative analysis of the twin paradox.
Worked examples.
Problems.
10 Continuum mechanics: mechanical properties of materials.
10.1 Dynamics of continuous media.
10.2 Elastic properties of solids.
10.3 Fluids at rest.
10.4 Elastic properties of fluids.
10.5 Pressure in gases.
10.6 Archimedes’ principle.
10.7 Fluid dynamics.
10.8 Viscosity.
10.9 Surface properties of liquids.
10.10 Boyle’s law (Mariotte’s law).
10.11 A microscopic theory of gases.
10.12 The mole.
10.13 Interatomic forces: modifications to the kinetic theory of gases.
10.14 Microscopic models of condensed matter systems.
Worked examples.
Problems.
11 Thermal physics.
11.1 Friction and heating.
11.2 Temperature scales.
11.3 Heat capacities of thermal systems.
11.4 Comparison of specific heat capacities: calorimetry.
11.5 Thermal conductivity.
11.6 Convection.
11.7 Thermal radiation.
11.8 Thermal expansion.
11.9 The first law of thermodynamics.
11.10 Change of phase: latent heat.
11.11 The equation of state of an ideal gas.
11.12 Isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic processes: free expansion.
11.13 The Carnot cycle.
11.14 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics.
11.15 The Helmholtz and Gibbs functions.
11.16 Microscopic interpretation of temperature.
11.17 Polyatomic molecules: principle of equipartition of energy.
11.18 Ideal gas in a gravitational field: the ‘law of atmospheres’.
11.19 Ensemble averages and distribution functions.
11.20 The distribution of molecular velocities in an ideal gas.
11.21 Distribution of molecular speeds, momenta and energies.
11.22 Microscopic interpretation of temperature and heat capacity in solids.
Worked examples.
Problems.
12 Wave Motion.
12.1 Characteristics of wave motion.
12.2 Representation of a wave which is travelling in one dimension.
12.3 Energy and power in a wave motion.
12.4 Plane and spherical waves.
12.5 Huygen’s principle: the laws of reflection and refraction.
12.6 Interference between waves.
12.7 Interference of waves passing through openings: diffraction.
12.8 Standing waves.
12.9 The Doppler effect.
12.10 The wave equation.
12.11 Waves along a string.
12.12 Waves in elastic media: longitudinal waves in a solid rod.
12.13 Waves in elastic media: sound waves in gases.
12.14 Superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies: wave and group velocities.
12.15 Other waveforms: Fourier analysis.
Worked examples.
Problems.
13 Introduction to quantum mechanics.
13.1 Physics at the beginning of the twentieth century.
13.2 The blackbody radiation problem.
13.3 The photoelectric effect.
13.4 The X-ray continuum.
13.5 The Compton effect: the photon model.
13.6 The de Broglie hypothesis: electron waves.
13.7 Interpretation of wave-particle duality.
13.8 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
13.9 The wavefunction: expectation values.
13.10 The Schrödinger (wave mechanical) method.
13.11 The free particle.
13.12 The time-independent Shrödinger equation: eigenfunctions and eigenvalues.
13.13 The infinite square potential well.
13.14 The potential step.
13.15 Other potential wells and barriers.
13.16 The simple harmonic oscillator.
13.17 Further implications of quantum mechanics.
Worked examples.
Problems.
14 Electric currents.
14.1 Electric currents.
14.2 Force between currents.
14.3 The unit of electric current.
14.4 Heating effect revisited: electrical resistance.
14.5 Strength of a power supply: emf.
14.6 Resistance of a circuit.
14.7 Potential difference.
14.8 Effect of internal resistance.
14.9 Comparison of emfs: the potentiometer.
14.10 Multiloop circuits.
14.11 Kirchhoff’s rules.
14.12 Comparison of resistances: the Wheatstone bridge.
14.13 Power supplies connected in parallel.
14.14 Resistivity.
14.15 Variation of resistance with temperature.
Worked examples.
Problems.
15 Electric fields.
15.1 The electric charge model.
15.2 Interpretation of electric current in terms of charge.
15.3 Electric fields: electric field strength.
15.4 Force between point charges: Coulomb’s law.
15.5 Electric flux and electric flux density.
15.6 Electric fields due to systems of point charges.
15.7 Gauss’ law for electrostatics.
15.8 Potential difference in electric fields: electric potential.
15.9 Acceleration of charged particles.
15.10 Dielectric materials.
15.11 Capacitors.
15.12 Capacitors in series and in parallel.
15.13 Charge and discharge of a capacitor through a resistor.
Worked examples.
Problems.
16 Magnetic fields.
16.1 Magnetism.
16.2 The work of Ampère, Biot and Savart.
16.3 Magnetic pole strength.
16.4 Magnetic field strength.
16.5 Ampère’s law.
16.6 The Biot-Savart law.
16.7 Applications of the Biot-Savart law.
16.8 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density.
16.9 Magnetic fields due to systems of poles.
16.10 Forces between magnets.
16.11 Forces between currents and magnets.
16.12 The permeability of vacuum.
16.13 Current loop in a magnetic field.
16.14 Magnetic dipoles and magnetic materials.
16.15 Moving coil meters and electric motors.
16.16 Magnetic fields due to moving charges.
16.17 Force on an electric charge in a magnetic field.
16.18 Magnetic dipole moments of charged particles in closed orbits.
16.19 Electric and magnetic fields in moving reference frames.
Worked examples.
Problems.
