Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence

內容簡介

"From assisted suicide and batter women to human trafficking and sex offenders, this guide provides an excellent overview of the state research on interpersonal violence. This set is highly recommended for academic libraries."-John R. M. LawrenceInterpersonal violence is behavior that intentionally threatens, attempts, or actually inflicts harm on another. This violence invades both the public and private spheres of our lives; many times in unexpected and frightening ways. Interpersonal violence is a problem that individuals could experience at any point during the life span-even before birth. Interpersonal violence is experienced not only throughout the life course but also as a global problem in the form of war, genocide, terrorism, and rape of women as a weapon of war.

The Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence provides accurate, research-supported information to clarify critical issues and educate the public about different forms of interpersonal violence, their incidence and prevalence, theoretical explanations, public policy initiatives, and prevention and intervention strategies. These two volumes contain more than 500 accessible, jargon-fee entries written by experts and provide cross-references to related entries, as well as suggested readings for further information.

Key Features

Defines key concepts and explains theoretical principles clearly and succinctlyProvides information on current data sets, regional and national organizations specializing in various dimensions of interpersonal violence, and relevant Web sitesServes as a quick reference guide to definitions, statistics, theories, policies, and prevention and intervention programsDiscusses concern with interpersonal violence as a problem across the life span and across culturesAddresses careers in the many fields of interpersonal violence

Key Themes

Children and YouthCivil and Criminal Legal SystemsInterpersonal Violence-GeneralIntervention and Prevention ProgramsLegislationOrganizations and AgenciesRacial/Ethnic and Cross-Cultural IssuesResearch Methods and Data Collection InstrumentsSexual Violence and AbuseSyndromes, Disorders, and Other Mental Health IssuesTheories and Theoretical PerspectivesViolence Between Intimates/Family Violence

The Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence is designed for members of the general public who are interested in learning more about various aspects of the problem of interpersonal violence, making it a must-have resource for academic and public libraries.

圖書目錄

Cover Page......Page 1

Editorial Board......Page 3

Title Page......Page 4

ISBN 1412918006......Page 5

Contents......Page 6

List of Entries......Page 7

Children and Youth......Page 15

Civil and Criminal Legal Systems......Page 16

Intervention and Prevention Programs......Page 17

Organizations and Agencies......Page 18

Research Methods and Data Collection Instruments......Page 19

Syndromes, Disorders, and Other Mental Health Issues......Page 20

Violence Between Intimates/ Family Violence......Page 21

About the General Editors......Page 22

Contributors......Page 24

Introduction......Page 32

ABANDONMENT......Page 34

Present-Day Advocates......Page 35

Abuse-Focused Therapeutic Interventions......Page 36

ACADEMY ON VIOLENCE AND ABUSE......Page 37

ACID ATTACKS......Page 38

Practice of Acrotomophilia......Page 39

ADOPTION AND SAFE FAMILIES ACT OF 1997......Page 40

ADULT PROTECTIVE SERVICES......Page 41

Types of Effects of Childhood Abuse......Page 43

Treatment......Page 44

Goals of Advocacy......Page 45

Core Values of Advocacy......Page 46

Culturally Competent Advocacy......Page 47

Implications for Advocacy and Practice......Page 48

AIDS/HIV......Page 49

Government Response to the Problem......Page 50

Sexual Aggression......Page 51

Experimental Studies of the Alcohol–Violence Link......Page 52

ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS......Page 53

The Impact of Dementia and Alzheimer’s on Cases of Abuse......Page 54

Victim Advocacy Services......Page 55

Historical Background......Page 56

AMERICAN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY ON THE ABUSE OF CHILDREN......Page 57

ANGER MANAGEMENT......Page 58

Scholarly Study and Research Evidence......Page 59

ANIMAL/PET ABUSE......Page 60

ANTI-ABORTION VIOLENCE......Page 61

ANTI-RAPE AND RAPE CRISIS CENTER MOVEMENTS......Page 62

History......Page 63

Risk Factors and Correlates......Page 64

ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER INSTITUTE ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE......Page 65

ASIAN/PACIFIC ISLANDER YOUTH VIOLENCE PREVENTION CENTER......Page 66

ASSAULT......Page 67

Consequences......Page 68

ASSAULT, AGGRAVATED......Page 69

ASSAULT, SIMPLE......Page 70

ASSISTED SUICIDE......Page 71

ASSOCIATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEXUAL ABUSERS......Page 72

ATHLETES/ATHLETICS......Page 73

Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Factors......Page 74

ATHLETES/ATHLETICS AND SEXUAL VIOLENCE......Page 75

ATHLETES/ATHLETICS AND VIOLENCE IN SPORT......Page 76

Athletes and Violence Against Women......Page 77

Theories of Violence and Sport......Page 78

Reactive Attachment Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria......Page 79

Best Practices for Assessment and Treatment......Page 80

BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME......Page 82

BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME......Page 83

Historical Perspectives......Page 84

Causes of Battering......Page 85

The Children of Battered Women......Page 86

BATTERED WOMEN, ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE OF......Page 87

Employment......Page 88

BATTERED WOMEN: LEAVING VIOLENT INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS......Page 89

Definitions......Page 91

Prevalence Studies of IPV......Page 92

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE BATTERED WOMEN’S JUSTICE PROJECT......Page 93

BATTERED WOMEN’S MOVEMENT......Page 94

How Widespread Is Battering?......Page 96

Do Batterers Differ From Nonbatterers?......Page 97

Do Batterers Differ From One Another?......Page 98

BATTERERS, FACTORS SUPPORTING MALE AGGRESSION......Page 99

Community and Societal Factors......Page 100

Personality Clusters and Groups......Page 101

Controversy......Page 102

BATTERERS, TREATMENT APPROACHES AND EFFECTIVENESS......Page 103

Process, Instrumental, and Outcome Goals......Page 104

Complicating Factors......Page 105

Effectiveness Studies......Page 106

BESTIALITY......Page 109

Child Abuse and Betrayal Trauma......Page 110

BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS IN PREDICTING VIOLENCE......Page 111

Neurotransmitters......Page 112

Hormones......Page 113

Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 114

BULLYING......Page 115

Psychological Characteristics of the Bullies......Page 116

Peer Responses to Bullying......Page 117

The Campus Environment and Interpersonal Violence......Page 118

Federal Law......Page 119

CANADIAN NATIONAL SURVEY......Page 120

Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 121

Special Offender Populations and Capital Punishment......Page 122

The Future of Capital Punishment......Page 123

Risk Factors for People Who Utilize Caregiver Services......Page 124

CASTRATION......Page 125

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION......Page 126

CHILD ABDUCTIONS, FAMILY......Page 127

CHILD ABDUCTIONS, NONFAMILY......Page 128

CHILD ABUSE IN IMMIGRANT FAMILIES......Page 129

Evolution of Prevention Services......Page 130

Research Implications......Page 131

CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT ACT......Page 132

Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders Associated With Violence......Page 133

Background......Page 134

Future Considerations......Page 135

CHILD EXPOSURE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE SCALE......Page 136

Research on Intimate Partner Violence Exposure......Page 137

Risk Factors in Children’s Lives......Page 138

Child Exposure to Media......Page 139

The Risks of Exposure to Violent Content......Page 140

CHILD EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE, ROLE OF SCHOOLS......Page 141

CHILD FATALITIES......Page 142

Child Death Review Teams......Page 143

Definition......Page 144

Prevention and Treatment......Page 145

CHILD PHYSICAL ABUSE......Page 146

Subtypes......Page 147

Treatment for Physical Abuse......Page 148

The Role of Child Protective Services......Page 150

Challenges to the Child Protective Services System......Page 151

Dynamics Surrounding Child and Adolescent Killings......Page 152

CHILDREN MISSING INVOLUNTARILY OR FOR BENIGN REASONS......Page 153

CHILDREN’S ADVOCACY CENTER......Page 154

Types of Abuse......Page 155

Resilience of Children......Page 156

Holding Perpetrators Solely Responsible......Page 157

CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE ACCOMMODATION SYNDROME......Page 158

CHISWICK WOMEN’S AID......Page 159

Civil Rights Remedy in the Violence Against Women Act and United States v. Morrison......Page 160

Civil Rights Statutes Protecting Victims’ Rights in Employment and Housing......Page 161

CLERGY SEXUAL ABUSE......Page 162

CLOTHESLINE PROJECT......Page 164

COERCED SEXUAL INITIATION......Page 165

COERCIVE CONTROL......Page 166

Benefits of Collaborative Divorce......Page 167

COLLECTIVE EFFICACY......Page 168

COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN......Page 169

Child Pornography......Page 170

COMMON COUPLE VIOLENCE See SITUATIONAL COUPLE VIOLENCE COMMUNITY JUSTICE......Page 171

Comparison of Traditional and Community Policing Strategies......Page 172

Community Policing Strategies for Intimate Partner Violence......Page 173

COMMUNITY VIOLENCE......Page 174

Effects......Page 175

Moderators......Page 176

COMMUNITY VIOLENCE, RELATIONSHIP TO PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 177

Definitions......Page 178

Treatment......Page 179

CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES......Page 180

CONTRACT KILLINGS......Page 181

COORDINATED COMMUNITY RESPONSE......Page 182

Victims of Corporate Violence......Page 183

Differences Between Corporate Violence and Interpersonal Violence......Page 184

Why Couple Counseling?......Page 185

Common Beliefs About Couple Counseling......Page 186

COURT-APPOINTED SPECIAL ADVOCATES......Page 187

CRIME VICTIMS COMPENSATION PROGRAM......Page 188

CULTURAL COMPETENCE......Page 189

Culturally Competent Agencies......Page 190

CULTURAL DEFENSE......Page 191

State Program Standards......Page 192

CULTURAL RETALIATORY HOMICIDE......Page 193

Domestic Violence Ramifications......Page 194

New Proposed Child Custody Standard......Page 195

Reasons for Cyberstalking......Page 196

Survival in Cyberspace......Page 197

Acute Battering Incident......Page 198

Critiques......Page 199

Revision......Page 200

Validation of Revised 20-Item DA......Page 201

DATE AND ACQUAINTANCE RAPE......Page 202

Barriers......Page 204

DEATH PENALTY See CAPITAL PUNISHMENT DECRIMINALIZATION OF SEX WORK......Page 205

Advocates for the Cause......Page 206

Risk Factors......Page 207

Prevention and Intervention......Page 208

The Extent of Violent Delinquency in the United States......Page 209

Explanations for Violent Delinquency......Page 210

Public Policy Responses......Page 211

Affirmative Process......Page 212

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, RESPONSE TO BATTERED IMMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANT VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN......Page 213

Self-Petitions Under the Violence Against Women Act......Page 214

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES......Page 215

DEPRESSION......Page 216

DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED SEX OFFENDERS......Page 217

DIMINISHED CAPACITY DEFENSES See INSANITY DEFENSE DISABILITY AND PORNOGRAPHY......Page 218

DISSOCIATION......Page 219

Barriers to Leaving a Violent Relationship......Page 220

Cultural Influences......Page 221

The Children as Victims......Page 222

DIVORCE IN RELATION TO YOUTH VIOLENCE......Page 223

Domestic Violence, Lifetime Victimization, and Mental Illness......Page 224

Implications of Trauma Theory for Working With Survivors of Domestic Violence......Page 225

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST OLDER WOMEN......Page 226

Language Barriers......Page 227

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COURTS......Page 228

History......Page 230

Current and Future Directions......Page 231

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER POPULATIONS......Page 232

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN MILITARY FAMILIES......Page 233

Policy and Program Development......Page 234

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE MOVEMENT See BATTERED WOMEN’S MOVEMENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE RESOURCE NETWORK......Page 235

Prevention......Page 237

DUAL ARREST......Page 238

DULUTH MODEL......Page 239

Head Start......Page 242

EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 243

Defining an Ecological Schema......Page 245

Example of Ecological Effects on Children Exposed to Family Violence......Page 246

Testing Ecological Models in Research......Page 247

Nature and Scope of the Problem......Page 248

Problem Response......Page 249

EMERGE......Page 250

EPIDEMIOLOGY, DEFINED......Page 251

EPIDEMIOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL PATTERNS......Page 252

Official Police Data......Page 253

Interpersonal Violence Data......Page 254

EPIDEMIOLOGY, PERPETRATION PATTERNS BY AGE, GENDER, ETHNICITY, SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS......Page 255

Forcible Rape......Page 256

Elder Abuse......Page 257

Rape/Sexual Assault......Page 258

Child Maltreatment......Page 259

Professional Ethics......Page 260

Child Advocacy Centers......Page 261

Victim’s Right to Self-Determination Versus Protection and Safety......Page 262

ETHNIC CLEANSING See CULTURAL RETALIATORY HOMICIDE; GENOCIDE EXPERT TESTIMONY......Page 263

EXPRESSIVE VIOLENCE......Page 264

FAILURE TO PROTECT......Page 266

Contributors......Page 267

FAITH-BASED PROGRAMS......Page 268

FALSE MEMORY......Page 269

FAMILICIDE......Page 270

FAMILY GROUP CONFERENCING......Page 271

FAMILY JUSTICE CENTERS......Page 272

Social Services Provided......Page 273

Debate About Family Preservation Programs......Page 274

Third Moment......Page 275

Common Risk and Protective Factors......Page 277

FAMILY VIOLENCE OPTION......Page 278

Funding......Page 279

Programs......Page 280

History......Page 281

Predictors......Page 282

Characteristics of Father Perpetrators......Page 283

Prevention and Treatment Initiatives......Page 284

FATHERS’ RIGHTS MOVEMENT......Page 285

Consequences......Page 286

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION......Page 287

FEMALE PERPETRATORS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE......Page 288

FEMALE PERPETRATORS OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 290

A Gender-Sensitive Perspective on Risk and Resilience......Page 292

Developmental Consequences......Page 293

FEMALE PERPETRATORS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN......Page 294

Causes of Female-Perpetrated Violence Against Children......Page 295

FEMALE SLAVERY/CHILD SLAVERY......Page 296

Debt Bondage......Page 297

FEMICIDE......Page 298

Maternal Mortality and Intimate Partner Femicide......Page 299

FEMINIST MOVEMENTS TO END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN......Page 300

Organizations, Initiatives, and Projects......Page 301

International Initiatives......Page 303

Early Feminist Theories of Interpersonal Violence......Page 304

FETICIDE......Page 305

FILICIDE......Page 306

FINANCIAL ABUSE, ELDERLY AND BATTERED WOMEN......Page 307

FINANCIAL LITERACY VERSUS FINANCIAL ABUSE......Page 308

FIREARMS See GUN VIOLENCE FOOT BINDING......Page 309

FORCED MARRIAGES......Page 310

FORCED MILITARY CONSCRIPTION......Page 311

Forensic Nursing Practice......Page 312

Foster Care Settings and Foster Parents......Page 313

FRATERNITIES AND VIOLENCE......Page 314

Physical Hazing......Page 315

History......Page 316

Limitations......Page 317

Complications......Page 318

Comparisons of Gang and Individual Rapes......Page 320

GANG VIOLENCE......Page 321

GENDERCIDE......Page 323

GENOCIDE......Page 324

Understanding Spatial Variations......Page 326

Crime Prevention and Control......Page 327

GREENBOOK, THE......Page 328

Gun Control and Politics and Legislation......Page 329

Criminal Justice Interventions and Policy Perspectives......Page 330

GUN CONTROL, LEGISLATION......Page 331

Individuals and Gun Violence......Page 332

Federal Government/State Intervention in Gun Violence......Page 333

HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION......Page 336

HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH COLLEGE ALCOHOL STUDY......Page 337

HATE CRIMES (BIAS CRIMES), ANTI-GAY......Page 338

Legal Response to Hate Crimes......Page 339

HATE CRIMES (BIAS CRIMES), CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESPONSES......Page 340

Policy History......Page 342

Anti-White Violence......Page 343

Anti-Asian Violence......Page 344

Anti-Immigrant Violence......Page 345

Community Education......Page 346

HAZING......Page 347

Prevention Strategies for the Prenatal and Birth Period......Page 348

Strategies for Adolescents......Page 349

Community-Focused Efforts......Page 350

HEALTH CARE RESPONSE TO CHILD MALTREATMENT......Page 351

HEALTH CARE RESPONSE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 352

Current Research......Page 353

Future Opportunities......Page 354

Why Maltreatment as Children Makes Adults Sick......Page 355

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF HATE CRIME......Page 357

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF INCARCERATION......Page 358

Health Consequences of Psychological Violence......Page 359

Public Health Response to Intimate Partner Violence......Page 360

HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIORS OF ABUSED WOMEN......Page 361

HIGH-TECH VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN......Page 362

Strategies for Change......Page 363

HOMELESSNESS AND VIOLENCE......Page 364

Emergence......Page 365

HOMICIDES, CRIMINAL......Page 366

Data......Page 367

Arrest Clearances......Page 368

Internalized Homophobia......Page 369

Advances in Gay and Lesbian Rights......Page 370

HOMOPHOBIA AND MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF GAY, LESBIAN, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER PEOPLE......Page 371

HUMAN RIGHTS......Page 372

History of Human Rights......Page 373

Human Rights Protections Against Interpersonal Violence......Page 374

Conclusion......Page 376

HYMEN REPLACEMENT SURGERY......Page 377

Consequences......Page 378

IMMIGRANT AND MIGRANT WOMEN......Page 380

IMMIGRANT AND MIGRANT WOMEN AND LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE......Page 382

IMMIGRATION SERVICES INCEST......Page 383

Long-Term Effects......Page 384

Infanticide in History......Page 385

Types of and Motivations Behind Infanticides......Page 386

INSANITY DEFENSE......Page 387

INSTITUTE ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY......Page 389

INTENSIVE FAMILY PRESERVATION SERVICES......Page 390

INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF VIOLENCE......Page 391

Transmission of Child Sexual Abuse......Page 392

INTERMITTENT EXPLOSIVE DISORDER......Page 393

INTERNATIONAL SEX INDUSTRY......Page 394

INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT......Page 396

INTERNET, CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN......Page 397

INTERNET, PORNOGRAPHY......Page 398

Advantages and Concerns......Page 399

Research......Page 400

The Race-ing of Violence Against Women......Page 401

The Gender-ing of Ethnic Analyses of Violence......Page 402

Early Intervention......Page 403

Definitions......Page 404

Risk Factors......Page 405

Consequences......Page 406

Intervention......Page 407

INTIMATE TERRORISM......Page 408

Specific Strategies Employed in Investigative Interviewing......Page 409

Protocols and Nondisclosure......Page 411

Investigative Interviewing Protocols......Page 412

INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWING OF OFFENDERS......Page 413

Historical Perspective......Page 416

Current Child Welfare Practice......Page 417

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS......Page 418

LEARNED OPTIMISM......Page 419

Privacy......Page 420

Record Keeping......Page 422

LEGAL MOMENTUM......Page 423

LEGAL SYSTEM, ADVOCACY EFFORTS TO AFFECT, CHILD MALTREATMENT......Page 424

Class Action Advocacy......Page 425

LEGAL SYSTEM, ADVOCACY EFFORTS TO AFFECT, ELDER ABUSE......Page 426

Systems Advocacy......Page 427

LEGAL SYSTEM, ADVOCACY EFFORTS TO AFFECT, INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 428

The Criminal Justice System......Page 429

Federal Funding......Page 430

Legal Issues That Arise When Aiding Victimized Children......Page 431

Law-Related Child Victim Interviewing Issues......Page 432

Criminal Court Remedies......Page 433

Difficulties in Prosecution......Page 434

Shortcomings of the Criminal Justice System......Page 435

Types of Civil Legal Remedies......Page 436

Legal System......Page 437

Disposition Rates......Page 438

Community Violence......Page 439

Family Violence......Page 440

LEGAL SYSTEM, CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM RESPONSES TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 441

Civil Child Protection Laws......Page 443

Stages of the Legal Process in Civil Child Protection Cases......Page 444

LEGISLATION, CHILD MALTREATMENT......Page 445

Common Topics of Child Maltreatment Legislation......Page 446

LEGISLATION, ELDER ABUSE......Page 447

The Elder Justice Act......Page 448

Pros and Cons of Hate Crime Legislation......Page 449

LEGISLATION, INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 450

Federal Legislation......Page 451

An Evolution in Defining Rape and Sexual Assault......Page 453

Rape Shield Laws......Page 454

M......Page 456

MANDATORY ARREST/ PRO-ARREST STATUTES......Page 457

Impact......Page 458

Disadvantages for Victims......Page 459

Characteristics of Mandated Reports......Page 460

Impact of Mandatory Reporting Laws......Page 461

MANDATORY REPORTING LAWS OF ELDER ABUSE......Page 462

MANDATORY REPORTING LAWS OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 463

MARITAL RAPE/WIFE RAPE......Page 464

MARITAL RAPE/WIFE RAPE, MARITAL EXEMPTIONS IN RAPE STATUTES......Page 465

MARRIAGE EDUCATION AND VIOLENCE......Page 466

Marriage Education and Welfare Reform......Page 467

MASCULINITIES AND VIOLENCE......Page 468

MASS MURDER......Page 469

MASS RAPE......Page 470

MATERNAL HOMICIDE......Page 471

MATERNAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHILD PHYSICAL ABUSE......Page 473

Reports to Police......Page 474

Random Sample Surveys......Page 475

Media Stereotyping......Page 476

Historical Connections......Page 477

MEDIA AND VIOLENCE......Page 478

Coverage of Politicized and Celebrity Violent Crimes......Page 479

Does Mediation Work?......Page 480

Possible Challenges to Mediation......Page 481

MENDING THE SACRED HOOP......Page 482

Childhood or Adolescent Mental Disorders Linked With Violence......Page 483

Other Mental Disorders Linked With Violence......Page 484

MILITARY, FAMILY ADVOCACY PROGRAMS......Page 485

Methods......Page 486

Misogyny, Gender, and Violence......Page 487

Misogyny and Violence Against Men......Page 488

MUNCHAUSEN SYNDROME BY PROXY......Page 489

N......Page 492

NATIONAL CENTER FOR MISSING AND EXPLOITED CHILDREN......Page 493

NEGLECT NATIONAL CHILDREN’S ALLIANCE AND CHILDREN’S ADVOCACY CENTERS......Page 494

NATIONAL CHILD TRAUMATIC STRESS NETWORK......Page 495

NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE FOR THE DEFENSE OF BATTERED WOMEN......Page 496

NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE ON MARITAL AND DATE RAPE......Page 497

NATIONAL COALITION AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE......Page 499

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JUVENILE AND FAMILY COURT JUDGES......Page 500

NATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION COUNCIL......Page 501

NATIONAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE FATALITY REVIEW INITIATIVE......Page 502

NATIONAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE HOTLINE......Page 503

Family Violence Surveys......Page 504

National Surveys of Violence Toward Children......Page 505

NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM......Page 506

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE......Page 507

NATIONAL LATINO ALLIANCE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE......Page 508

NATIONAL NETWORK TO END DOMESTIC VIOLENCE......Page 509

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN......Page 510

NOW and Interpersonal Violence......Page 511

NATIONAL SEXUAL VIOLENCE RESOURCE CENTER......Page 512

Estimates......Page 513

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN IMPULSIVE AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR......Page 514

NO-DROP PROSECUTION......Page 516

Possible Effects of Early Literature......Page 517

Recent Understanding of Nonoffending Parents......Page 518

OFFICE FOR VICTIMS OF CRIME......Page 520

OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION......Page 521

OFFICE ON CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT......Page 522

“ONE STRIKE” PUBLIC HOUSING POLICY......Page 523

OPPRESSION AND VIOLENCE......Page 524

Typology......Page 528

Clinical Interventions......Page 529

Problems......Page 530

PARENT–CHILD TRAUMA THERAPY......Page 531

Parenting Behaviors Associated With Child Maltreatment......Page 532

Parenting Education and Support Programs......Page 533

Impact and Risk Assessment......Page 534

Interventions......Page 535

Corporal Punishment......Page 536

Prevention of Youth Violence......Page 537

Patriarchy in Society......Page 538

Influence......Page 539

PATRICIDE See FAMILY HOMICIDES PEACEMAKING CIRCLES......Page 540

Theory......Page 541

Risk Assessment......Page 542

Community-Related Influences......Page 543

Concluding Remarks......Page 544

Types of Peer Mediation Sessions......Page 545

PIMPING......Page 546

POLICE, RESPONSE TO CHILD MALTREATMENT......Page 547

POLICE, RESPONSE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE......Page 548

Dual Arrests......Page 549

POLICE, SUICIDE BY COP......Page 550

Causes and Solutions to Police Violence......Page 551

PORNOGRAPHY......Page 552

General Epidemiology......Page 554

Treatment......Page 555

Increasing Rates of Poverty......Page 556

POWER AND CONTROL WHEEL......Page 557

PREGNANCY, VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN DURING......Page 559

Effects......Page 560

Issues With Prevalence......Page 561

PREVENTION PROGRAMS, ADOLESCENT DATING VIOLENCE......Page 562

Effective Dating Violence Prevention Programs......Page 563

Implementation Considerations......Page 564

When to Intervene?......Page 565

What Is the Focus?......Page 566

Who Is It For?......Page 568

PREVENTION PROGRAMS, COMMUNITY APPROACHES TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 569

Focus on Engaging Men......Page 570

Community Mobilization in Preventing Interpersonal Violence......Page 571

Outcomes......Page 572

Characteristics of Effective Prevention Programs......Page 573

Prevention Research Concepts......Page 574

PREVENTION PROGRAMS, INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE......Page 575

The Development of Effective Prevention Programs......Page 576

Conceptualization......Page 578

Fidelity and Outcome......Page 579

Challenges of Prisoner Reentry......Page 580

Prisoner Reentry Nationally......Page 581

PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT......Page 582

PRISON VIOLENCE AND PRISON GANGS......Page 583

PRISON VIOLENCE BY CORRECTIONS STAFF......Page 584

PRISON VIOLENCE BY INMATES......Page 585

PRISON VIOLENCE IN WOMEN’S FACILITIES......Page 586

PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS ON CHILD MALTREATMENT......Page 587

PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS ON ELDER ABUSE......Page 588

PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS ON INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 589

PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS ON VICTIMIZATION......Page 590

PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS ON YOUTH VIOLENCE......Page 593

PROSECUTORIAL PRACTICES, CHILD MALTREATMENT......Page 594

PROSECUTORIAL PRACTICES, ELDER ABUSE......Page 596

Context......Page 597

Child Abuse Prosecution......Page 598

PROSECUTORIAL PRACTICES, INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE......Page 599

Violence......Page 601

PROTECTIVE ORDERS PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS AND VIOLENCE PROPENSITY......Page 602

PSYCHOLOGICAL/EMOTIONAL ABUSE......Page 603

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY FOR VIOLENCE......Page 604

Behavior, Stress, and the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 605

Neuroimaging Physiology......Page 606

PUBLIC EDUCATION......Page 607

Dynamics of Punking......Page 609

Effects of Punking......Page 610

R......Page 612

Theory......Page 613

Challenging Rape Culture......Page 614

RAPE KITS......Page 615

Risk Factors......Page 616

Consequences......Page 617

Intervention......Page 618

RAPE SHIELD LAWS......Page 619

RAPE TRAUMA SYNDROME......Page 620

REASONABLE EFFORTS......Page 621

Defining and Measuring Recidivism......Page 622

REFUGEE/ASYLEE......Page 623

RELIGION......Page 624

Controversy......Page 625

Protective Factors......Page 626

Research on Resilience, Risk, and Protective Factors......Page 627

Restorative Justice Approaches......Page 628

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE RESTRAINING AND PROTECTIVE ORDERS......Page 629

The Process of Obtaining Court Orders......Page 630

Limitations of Court Orders......Page 631

Judicial Enforcement of Court Orders......Page 632

RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 633

RISK ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS, CHILD MALTREATMENT......Page 634

Instruments......Page 635

Conclusion......Page 636

The Function of Risk Assessment Instruments......Page 637

Victim-Administered Instruments......Page 638

Perpetrator-Administered Instruments......Page 639

The Need for Risk Assessment Instruments......Page 640

Future Directions......Page 641

Contexts of Use......Page 642

RITUALISTIC ABUSE......Page 643

ROAD RAGE See INTERMITTENT EXPLOSIVE DISORDER ROBBERY......Page 644

Types of Robberies......Page 645

RURAL CHILD ABUSE......Page 647

RURAL WOMAN ABUSE......Page 649

SACRED CIRCLE NATIONAL RESOURCE CENTER TO END VIOLENCE AGAINST NATIVE WOMEN......Page 652

SAFETY PLANNING......Page 653

Similarities......Page 655

Unique Issues......Page 656

Best Practice Principles......Page 657

SCHOOL VIOLENCE......Page 658

SCHOOL VIOLENCE, MEDIA COVERAGE OF......Page 659

School’s Response......Page 660

Historical Evolution......Page 661

Preventing and Minimizing the Effects of School Shootings......Page 662

SCOTTSBORO BOYS......Page 663

SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION See VICARIOUS TRAUMATIZATION SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION BY POLICE AND COURTS......Page 664

SELF-DEFENSE......Page 665

Psycho-Medical Demographics......Page 666

Why Self-Petitioning Is Needed......Page 667

SELF-TRAUMA MODEL......Page 668

SEPARATION/DIVORCE SEXUAL ASSAULT......Page 670

Types of Serial Murder/Serial Killers......Page 671

Causes of Serial Murder......Page 672

The Criminal Behavior......Page 673

SEVERITY OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN SCALES......Page 674

Institutional Sexism......Page 675

SEX EDUCATION......Page 676

SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION LAWS......Page 678

Consequences of Sex Crimes......Page 679

Legal and Clinical Responses to Sex Offenders......Page 680

SEX OFFENDERS, CIVIL COMMITMENT......Page 681

SEX TOURISM......Page 682

SEXUAL ABUSE......Page 683

Sexual Abuse Defined......Page 684

Prosecution and Victim Advocacy......Page 685

SEXUAL ABUSE OF THE ELDERLY......Page 686

Task Forces......Page 687

Prevalence......Page 688

SEXUAL ASSAULT NURSE EXAMINER......Page 689

SEXUAL ASSAULT RESPONSE TEAM......Page 690

SEXUAL COERCION......Page 691

SEXUAL ETHICS......Page 692

SEXUAL EXPERIENCES SURVEY......Page 693

SEXUAL HARASSMENT......Page 694

Same-Sex Sexual Harassment in the Workplace and Education......Page 695

Historical Overview of Same-Sex Sexual Harassment in Education......Page 696

U.S. Supreme Court Decisions......Page 697

SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WORKPLACES......Page 698

Theories......Page 700

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES......Page 701

Childhood Sexual Abuse......Page 702

SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME......Page 703

SHELTERING OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS’ PETS......Page 704

Services Provided......Page 705

SIBLING ABUSE......Page 706

Impacts......Page 707

SITUATIONAL COUPLE VIOLENCE......Page 708

SOCIAL COGNITIVE PROGRAMS FOR VIOLENCE......Page 709

Consequential Thinking......Page 710

SOCIALIZATION......Page 711

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY......Page 712

SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS......Page 713

Perceived and Received Social Support......Page 714

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, OFFENDING AND VICTIMIZATION BY CLASS......Page 715

Spiritual Sources of Distress......Page 716

Spiritual Resources for Healing and Resilience......Page 717

Methods......Page 718

Future Research......Page 719

Causes of Stalking......Page 720

STATE VIOLENCE......Page 721

Laws About Statutory Rape......Page 723

Future Directions......Page 724

STOP VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FORMULA GRANT PROGRAM......Page 725

SUBCULTURES OF VIOLENCE......Page 726

Black Subculture of Violence......Page 727

Theories of the Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Interpersonal Violence......Page 728

Empirical Data Regarding the Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence......Page 729

Environmental Exposures......Page 730

SUICIDALITY: CLUSTERS, CONTAGION, AND PACTS......Page 731

Marital Status, Household Composition, Sexual Orientation, Incarceration......Page 732

Global Patterns......Page 733

SUICIDALITY: NOMENCLATURE......Page 734

Clinical Interventions for At-Risk Individuals and Families......Page 735

Media......Page 736

Mental and Physical Illnesses......Page 737

Behavioral Risk Factors......Page 738

SUICIDE, RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS: IN RESEARCH......Page 739

TAKE BACK THE NIGHT......Page 740

TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES PROGRAM......Page 741

International Law Prohibiting Torture......Page 742

Types of Trafficking......Page 743

Contributing Factors......Page 744

Trafficking Methods......Page 745

Stopping Trafficking in Humans......Page 746

TRAUMA-FOCUSED THERAPY......Page 747

Efficacy......Page 748

TRIBAL ISSUES......Page 749

The Impact of Colonization on Safety and Justice for Native Women......Page 750

The 12 Steps......Page 751

Variety of 12-Step Programs......Page 752

Criticisms of 12-Step Programs......Page 753

UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS......Page 754

International Law......Page 755

Future Directions......Page 756

Historical Origins......Page 757

International Bill of Human Rights......Page 758

Core International Human Rights Treaties......Page 759

Declarations......Page 760

UXORICIDE See FAMILY HOMICIDES......Page 761

Verbal Abuse During Childhood......Page 762

Treatment......Page 763

VICARIOUS TRAUMATIZATION......Page 764

VICTIM BLAMING See VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORIES VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENTS......Page 765

Individual Demographic Predictors......Page 766

Contextual Predictors......Page 767

Impact......Page 768

Process......Page 769

Theoretical Victimology......Page 770

Development of Victim Precipitation Theories......Page 771

VICTIMS OF CRIME ACT......Page 772

The Modern Movement......Page 773

Major Accomplishments......Page 774

VICTIM-WITNESS ADVOCACY PROGRAMS......Page 775

VICTIM WITNESS SPECIALISTS......Page 776

VIDEO GAMES, VIOLENCE EXPOSURE IN......Page 777

Interactivity......Page 778

Theoretical Explanations......Page 779

VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIGENOUS CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND FAMILIES......Page 780

VIOLENCE AGAINST PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES......Page 781

Violence Against Women Act of 2000......Page 783

Violence Against Women Act of 2005......Page 784

Causes......Page 785

Future Disaster Management......Page 786

Soldiers’ Wives and Dependents......Page 787

VIOLENCE PREVENTION CURRICULA FOR ADOLESCENTS......Page 788

Key Stakeholders......Page 789

VIOLENT RESISTANCE......Page 790

WOMEN OF COLOR NETWORK......Page 792

History......Page 793

Principles, Values, and Service Standards......Page 794

Types of Workplace Violence......Page 795

Going Postal: A Bad Rap......Page 796

Interventions......Page 797

YOUTH VIOLENCE......Page 800

Helpful Resources......Page 802

The Elderly......Page 813

Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning Communities......Page 814

Human Rights (Including Trafficking and Slavery)......Page 815

Mental Health (Including Substance Abuse and Suicide)......Page 816

Racial and Ethnic Minorities......Page 818

Sexual Violence and Abuse (Resources Addressing Victims and Perpetrators)......Page 820

Violence Between Intimate Partners (Resources Primarily Addressing Victims)......Page 824

Violence Between Intimate Partners (Resources Primarily Addressing Perpetrators)......Page 832

Interpersonal Violence—General......Page 834

State Coalitions Against Domestic Violence......Page 839

Tribal Coalitions......Page 844

State Sexual Assault Coalitions......Page 846

State Clearinghouses for Missing and Exploited Children......Page 852

Hotlines......Page 858

Interpersonal Violence Statistical Data......Page 860

Comparing UCR and the NCVS......Page 861

UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING PROGRAM CRIME DEFINITIONS......Page 862

UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING PROGRAM: STATE-BY-STATE DATA FOR VIOLENT CRIME 2002–2006......Page 863

NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY......Page 919

A......Page 924

B......Page 926

C......Page 928

D......Page 932

E......Page 934

F......Page 935

G......Page 937

H......Page 938

I......Page 939

L......Page 941

M......Page 942

N......Page 944

P......Page 946

Q,R......Page 949

S......Page 951

T......Page 954

U......Page 955

V......Page 956

W......Page 957

X,Y,Z......Page 958

Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence

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