基本信息
入選蘇教版高一語文必修二。
內容簡介
英文原文
The frost held for many weeks, until the birds were dying rapidly. Everywhere in the fields and under the hedges lay the ragged remains of lapwings, starlings, thrushes, redwings, innumerable ragged, bloody cloaks of birds, whence the flesh was eaten by invisible beasts of prey.
Then, quite suddenly, one morning, the change came. The wind went to the south, came off the sea warm and soothing. In the afternoon there were little gleams of sunshine, and the doves began, without interval, slowly and awkwardly to coo. The doves were cooing, though with a laboured sound, as if they were still winter-stunned. Nevertheless, all the afternoon they continued their noise, in the mild air, before the frost had thawed off the road. At evening the wind blew gently, still gathering a bruising quality of frost from the hard earth. Then, in the yellow-gleamy sunset, wild birds began to whistle faintly in the blackthorn thickets of the stream-bottom.
It was startling and almost frightening, after the heavy silence of frost. How could they sing at once, when the ground was thickly strewn with the torn carcasses of birds? Yet out of the evening came the uncertain, silvery sounds that made one’s soul start alert, almost with fear. How could the little silver bugles sound the rally so swiftly, in the soft air, when the earth was yet bound? Yet the birds continued their whistling, rather dimly and brokenly, but throwing the threads of silver, germinating noise into the air.
It was almost a pain to realize, so swiftly, the new world. “Le monde est mort. Vive le monde!” But the birds omitted even the first part of the announcement, their cry was only a faint, blind, fecund “vive!”
There is another world. The winter is gone. There is a new world of spring. The voice of the turtle is heard in the land. But the flesh shrinks from so sudden a transition. Surely the call is premature, while the clods are still frozen, and the ground is littered with the remains of wings! Yet we have no choice. In the bottoms of impenetrable blackthorn, each evening and morning now, out flickers a whistling of birds.
Where does it come from, the song? After so long a cruelty, how can they make it up so quickly? But it bubbles through them, they are like little well-heads, little fountain-heads whence the spring trickles and bubbles forth. It is not of their own doing. In their throats the new life distils itself into sound. It is the rising of the silvery sap of a new summer, gurgling itself forth.
All the time, whilst the earth lay choked and killed and winter-mortified, the deep undersprings were quiet. They only wait for the ponderous encumbrance of the old order to give way, yield in the thaw, and there they are, a silver realm at once. Under the surge of ruin, unmitigated winter, lies the silver potentiality of all blossom. One day the black tide must spend itself and fade back. Then all-suddenly appears the crocus, hovering triumphant in the year, and we know the order has changed, there is a new regime, sound of a new “Vive! Vive!”
It is no use any more to look at the torn remnants of birds that lie exposed. It is no longer any use remembering the sullen thunder of frost and the intolerable pressure of cold upon us. For whether we will or not, they are gone. The choice is not ours. We many remain wintry and destructive for a little longer, if we wish it, but the winter is gone out of us, and willy-nilly our hearts sing a little at sunset.
Even whilst we stare at the ragged horror of birds scattered broadcast, part-eaten, the soft, uneven cooing of the pigeon ripples from the outhouses, and there is a faint silver whistling in the bushes come twilight. No matter, we stand and stare at the torn and unsightly ruins of life, we watch the weary, mutilated columns of winter retreating under our eyes. Yet in our ears are the silver vivid bugles of a new creation advancing on us from behind, we hear the rolling of the soft and happy drums of the doves.
We may not choose the world. We have hardly any choice for ourselves. We follow with our eyes the bloody and horrid line of march of this extreme winter, as it passes away. But we cannot hold back the spring. We cannot make the birds silent, prevent the bubbling of the wood-pigeons. We cannot stay the fine world of silver-fecund creation from gathering itself and taking place upon us. Whether we will or mo, the daphne tree will soon be giving off perfume, the lambs dancing on two feet, the celandines will twinkle all over the ground, there will be new heaven and new earth.
For it is in us, as well as without us. Those who can may follow the columns of winter in their retreat from off the earth. Some of us, we have no choice, the spring is within us, the silver fountain begins to bubble under our breast, there is a gladness in spite of ourselves. And on the instant we accept the gladness! The first day of change, out whistles an unusual, interrupted pean, a fragment that will augment itself imperceptibly. And this in spite of the extreme bitterness of the suffering, in spite of the myriads of torn dead.
Such a long, long winter, and the frost only broke yesterday. Yet it seems, already, we cannot remember it. It is strangely remote, like a far-off darkness. It is as unreal as a dream in the night. This is the morning of reality, when we are ourselves. This is natural and real, the glimmering of a new creation that stirs in us and about us. We know there was winter, long, fearful. We know the earth was strangled and mortified, we know the body of life was torn and scattered broadcast. But what is this retrospective knowledge? It is something extraneous to us, extraneous to this that we are now. and what we are, and what, it seems, we always have been, is this quickening lovely silver plasm of pure creativity. All the mortification and tearing, ah yes, it was upon us, encompassing us. It was like a storm or a mist or a falling from a height. It was entangled upon us, like bats in our hair, driving us mad. But it was never really our innermost self. Within, we were always apart, we were this, this limpid fountain of silver, then quiescent, rising and breaking now into the flowering.
It is strange, the utter in compatibility of death with life. Whilst there is death, life is not to be found. It is all death, one overwhelming flood. And then a new tide rises, and it is all life, a fountain of silvery blissfulness. It is one or the other. We are for life, or we are for death, one or the other, but never in our essence both at once.
Death takes us, and all is a torn redness, passing into darkness. Life rises, and we are faint fine jets of silver running out to blossom. All is incompatible with all. There is the silvery-speckled, incandescent-lovely thrush, whistling pipingly his first song in the blackthorn thicket. How is he to be connected with the bloody, feathered unsightliness of thrush-remnants just outside the bushes? There is no connection. They are not to be referred the one to the other. Where one is, the other is not. In the kingdom of death the silvery song is not. But where there is life, there is no death. No death whatever, only silvery gladness, perfect, the otherworld.
The blackbird cannot stop his song, neither can the pigeon. It takes place in him, even though all his race was yesterday destroyed. He cannot mourn, or be silent, or adhere to the dead. Of the dead he is not, since life has kept him. The dead must bury their dead. Life has now taken hold on him and tossed him into the new ether of a new firmament, where he bursts into song as if he were combustible.
What is the past, those others, now he is tossed clean into the new, across the untranslatable difference?
In his song is heard the first brokenness and uncertainty of the transition. The transit from the grip of death into new being is a death from death, in its sheer metempsychosis a dizzy agony. But only for a second, the moment of trajectory, the passage from one state to the other, from the grip of death to the liberty of newness. In a moment he is in the kingdom of wonder, singing at the center of a new creation.
The bird did not hang back. He did not cling to his death and his dead. There is no death, and the dead have buried their dead. Tossed into the chasm between two worlds, he lifted his wings in dread, and found himself carried on the impulse.
We are lifted to be cast away into the new beginning. Under our hearts the fountain surges, to toss us forth. Who can thwart the impulse that comes upon us? It comes from the unknown upon us, and it behoves us to pass delicately and exquisitely upon the subtle new wind from heaven, conveyed like birds in unreasoning migration from death to life.
中文譯文
嚴寒持續了好幾個星期,鳥兒很快地死去了。田間與灌木籬下,橫陳著田鳧、椋鳥、畫眉等數不清的腐鳥的血衣,鳥兒的肉已被隱秘的
老饕吃淨了。 突然間,一個清晨,變化出現了。風颳到了南方,海上飄來了溫暖和慰藉。午後,太陽露出了幾星光亮,鴿子開始不間斷地緩慢而笨拙地發出咕咕的叫聲。這聲音顯得有些吃力,仿佛還沒有從嚴冬的打擊下緩過氣來。黃昏時,從河床的薔薇棘叢中,開始傳出野鳥微弱的啼鳴。
當大地還散落著厚厚的一層鳥的屍體的時候,它們怎么會突然歌唱起來?從
夜色中浮起的隱約的清越的聲音,使人驚訝。當大地仍在束縛中時,那小小的清越之聲已經在柔弱的空氣中呼喚春天了。它們的啼鳴,雖然含糊,若斷若續,卻把明快而萌發的聲音拋向蒼穹。
冬天離去了。一個新的春天的世界。田地間響起斑鳩的叫聲。在不能進入的荊棘叢底,每一個夜晚以及每一個早晨,都會閃動出鳥兒的啼鳴。
它從哪兒來呀?那歌聲?在這么長的嚴酷後,鳥兒們怎么會這么快就復生?它活潑,像泉水。它開闢了銀色的通道,為著新鮮的春日,一路潺潺而行。
當冬天抑制一切時,深埋著的春天的生機一片沉默,只等著舊秩序沉重的阻礙退去。冰消雪化之後,頃刻間現出銀光閃爍的王國。在毀滅一切的冬天巨浪之下,蟄伏著的是寶貴的百花吐艷的潛力。有一天,黑色的浪潮精力耗盡,緩緩後移,番紅花就會突然間顯現,勝利地搖曳。於是我們知道,規律變了,這是一片新的天地,喊出了嶄新的生活!生活!
不必再注視那些暴露四野的破碎的鳥屍,也無須再回憶嚴寒中沉悶的響雷,以及重壓在我們身上的酷冷。冬天走開了,不管怎樣,我們的心會放出歌聲。
即使當我們凝視那些散落遍地、屍身不整的鳥兒腐爛而可怕的景象時,屋外也會飄來一陣陣鴿子的咕咕聲,那從灌木叢中發出的微弱的啼鳴。那些破碎不堪的毀滅了的生命,意味著冬天疲倦而殘缺不全的隊伍的撤退。我們耳中充塞的,是新生的造物清明而生動的號音,那造物從身後追趕上來,我們聽到了鳥兒們發出的輕柔而歡快的隆隆鼓聲。
世界不能選擇。我們用眼睛跟隨極端的嚴冬那沾滿血跡的駭人的行列,直到它走過去。春天不能抑制,任何力量都不能使鳥兒悄然,不能阻止大野鴿的沸騰,不能滯留美好世界中豐饒的創造,它們不可阻擋地振作自己,來到我們身邊。無論人們情願與否,月桂樹總要飄出花香,綿羊總要站立舞蹈,白屈菜總要遍地閃爍,那就是新的天堂和新的大地。
那些強者將跟隨冬天從大地上隱遁。春天來到我們中間,銀色的泉流在心底奔涌,這喜悅,我們禁不住。在這一時刻,我們將這喜悅接受了!變化的時節,啼唱起不平凡的頌歌,這是極度的苦難所禁不住的,是無數殘損的死亡所禁不住的。
多么漫長漫長的冬天,冰封昨天才裂開。但看上去,我們已把它全然忘記了。它奇怪地遠離了,像遠去的黑暗。看上去那么不真實,像長夜的夢。新世界的光芒搖曳在心中,躍動在身邊。我們知道過去的是冬天,漫長、恐怖。我們知道大地被窒息、被殘害。我們知道生命的肉體被撕裂,零落遍地。所有的毀害和撕裂,啊,是的,過去曾經降臨在我們身上,曾經團團圍住我們。它像高空中的一陣風暴,一陣濃霧,或一陣傾盆大雨。它纏在我們周身,像蝙蝠繞進我們的頭髮,逼得我們發瘋。但它永遠不是我們最深處真正的自我。我們就是這樣,是銀色晶瑩的泉流,先前是安靜的,此時卻跌宕而起,注入盛開的花朵。
生命和死亡全部不相容。死時,生便不存在,皆是死亡,猶如一場勢不可擋的洪水。繼而,一股新的浪頭湧起,便全是生命,便是銀色的極樂的源泉。
死亡攫住了我們,一切殘斷,沉入黑暗。生命復生,我們便變成水溪下微弱但美麗的噴泉,朝向鮮花奔去。當熾烈而可愛的畫眉,在
荊棘叢中平靜地發出它的第一聲啼鳴時,怎能把它和那些在樹叢外血肉模糊、羽毛紛亂的殘骸聯繫在一起呢?在死亡的王國里,不會有清越的歌聲,正如死亡不能美化生的世界。
鴿子,還有斑鳩、
畫眉……不能停止它們的歌唱。它們全身心地投入了,儘管同伴昨天遭遇了毀滅。它們不能哀傷,不能靜默,不能追隨死亡。死去的,就讓它死去。生命鼓舞著、搖盪著到新的天堂,新的昊天,在那裡,它們禁不住放聲歌唱,似乎從來就這般熾烈。
從鳥兒們的歌聲中,聽到了這場變遷的第一陣爆發。在心底,泉流在涌動,激勵著我們前行。誰能阻撓到來的生命衝動呢?它從陌生的地方來,降臨在我們身上,使我們乘上了從天國吹來的清新柔風,就如向死而生的 鳥兒一樣。
作者簡介
勞倫斯出生於礦工的家庭,沒有名門望族的聲譽,也沒有名牌大學的文憑,他所擁有的僅僅是才華。
天才,用這個詞來形容
勞倫斯是恰當的,當時的
英國社會很注重人的出身、教養,社會上還瀰漫著從
維多利亞時代以來的清教徒風氣,生長在這個時代里的勞倫斯是與眾不同的,有史以來的勞倫斯評論第一人——福特·馬多克斯·休弗就這樣評價他:他是個天才,是“浸透情慾的天才”。
D.H.勞倫斯的父親阿瑟·勞倫斯是一位礦工,他所受的教育僅僅夠他艱難地讀報紙,而他的典型的生活方式是:在滾滾的炊火前,一邊烤早餐臘肉,用麵包接著臘肉上滴下來的油,斷斷續續地讀著當天的報紙。
母親
莉迪亞則是一位經過良好教育的女子,她讀了很多書和詩歌,崇尚思想,喜歡和有教養的男人討論宗教以及哲學、政治等問題。
這樣的一個家庭是十分不和諧的,父親喜歡和礦工們去喝上幾盅,喜歡縱慾享樂;母親卻一生戒酒,古板拘謹。
H.
勞倫斯生活在家庭的飄搖之中,他所記得的是家門外的
沃克街上白臘樹的樹枝在大風的呼嘯中發出尖叫聲,與家裡母親的尖聲爭吵、父親的雄壯的男人聲音和咒罵聲混合在一起。
在這樣的家庭中,他身體孱弱,敏感,富觀察力,記憶力極佳,同時——為母愛所控制著。《兒子與情人》中有他童年、少年生活的影子,書中的母親成功地阻礙了兒子與米麗安姑娘的愛情,並為自己“勝利了”而
額手稱慶。在這裡,如果兒子擺脫不了戀母情結,他就無法真正地戀愛。
勞倫斯的《
查泰萊夫人的情人》則因公然違背了時代風氣而遭禁數年,直到不久之前,人們才認識到該書的價值,並把它翻譯成多種文字、拍成電影廣泛流傳。
勞倫斯的書語言優美,氣勢恢宏,但除了《虹》在末尾勾勒出一幅彩虹似的帶著希望的
遠景以外,其餘的書都顯得色調暗淡,冷漠,構成了一種獨特的勞倫斯式的色彩。
作品解析
是誰在胡亂鳥啼?——析勞倫斯《鳥啼》的思路、難句及寓意 關於思路
蘇教版高一語文必修二所謂的第一“模組”“珍愛生命”中有一篇叫《鳥啼》的文章,
勞倫斯寫得極好,但編寫教材人的分析卻很值得商榷。
有權威人士這樣分析該文的思路:
本文可分為兩個部分:第1至5自然段,主要寫嚴寒過後,春天來臨,鳥兒啼鳴。
第6至15自然段,側重寫鳥兒啼鳴給人們的啟示,寫“我們”的思考。
其實該文的5、6、7、8、9、10、11自然段都是反覆的多側面的談一個意思,為什麼卻硬將其隔開,武斷地將此文一刀斬開?
看到第4自然段開頭一句話——“冬天離去了。一個新的春天的世界。”
看看5至11自然段是不是多角度反覆表達此意思?鳥兒啼鳴告訴人們“冬天離去了。一個新的春天的世界”,也就是說,“冬天離去了。一個新的春天的世界”可以統領5至11自然段!故而,該文的思路是:
1至3自然段為第一部分,對比寫人們突然間聽到鳥啼。(鳥—啼)
4至11自然段為第二部分,作者對鳥啼的心靈感受:冬天離去了。一個新的春天的世界。(冬—春)
12至15自然段為第三部分,作者鳥啼的生命感悟:為生熾烈歌唱。(死—生)
關於難句
該散文有些句子比較難解,試析之。
第5自然段:“它活潑像泉水,從那裡,春天慢慢滴落又噴涌而出。新生活在鳥兒們喉中凝成悅耳的聲音。它開闢了銀色通道,為著新鮮的春日,一路潺潺而行。”
按先後順序,“它”指鳥啼聲,用通感形象地將其比喻成泉水,承此比喻,形象地說“春天慢慢滴落”,春天如泉水般滴落,寫出了春天的明澈,“噴涌而出”寫出了春天的蓬勃。“新生活“指春天的生活,新生”,此句用暗喻,寫出了春天的美好。“它”仍指鳥啼聲,此處用暗喻,“通道”用“銀色”修飾,既承前“泉水”,又形象地寫出了鳥啼聲的清脆悅耳,水道的明澈。最後一句用擬人,形象地表達了春天如人乘船“潺潺”而來。
第6自然段中的“舊秩序”“黑色的浪潮”指代“寒冬”。“規律”指“季節”,“嶄新的生活”指春天,後一個“生活!”指享受春天。
第9自然段第一句“世界不能選擇”,此句翻譯不當,起句顯得唐突。據此句對比描寫的思路及第三句“春天不抑制”,首句中的“世界”應指“寒冬的(世界)”,
此段結尾的“新的天堂和新的大地”應指春天。
第10段首句相當難以理解。“那些強者將跟隨冬天從大地上隱遁”,既然是“強者”為什麼會從大地上“隱遁”“那些強者”指代什麼?我的理解是,“那些強者”指已死去的鳥等,說它們是強者,是基於第1自然段作者對已死去的鳥的描寫寄予了極大的同情,更主要的,按
勞倫斯後文意思,這些已死去的鳥曾在去年前年等為春啼鳴過,它們經歷了生活的風風雨雨,是強者,現在它們雖死而強。
第11自然段中的“新生活”指春天,“過去”指寒冬的過去,
排比句中三個“它”皆指“寒冬”,最後一句“這樣”指代後邊內容。把我們的生命比作“銀色晶瑩的泉流”,因為生命的泉流被寒冬冰封,所以“先前是安靜”的,當春天來臨,生命便充滿生機,所以“此時卻跌宕而起,注入盛開的花朵”。
第15自然段,“
向死而生”,字面意及規律是,生命從誕生那刻起,便在一步步走向死亡。文中語境意是,對照第1自然段,鳥兒面對死去的同類卻能又重新生活,而且是充滿生機的。結構上這照應了開頭。全文主旨意見課本注釋。
關於寓意
權威人士分析該文寓意說,“
勞倫斯在本文中對死亡與再生有著自己獨特思考,生命與死亡全不相容,我們是為著生的,或是為著死的,非此既彼,在本質上不可兼得”。
筆者認為,這樣分析的話不僅是廢話,簡直就是屁話!
該文的寓意在文章的第14自然段說的清清楚楚。聯繫寫作背景,該文是對死亡對寒冬的詛咒,對生命對春天的傾情謳歌,對生命神奇的衷情讚美!
作品鑑賞
主旨“向死而生”
一般認為“向死而生”是《鳥啼》的主旨,作者將向死而生看作是鳥兒們最偉大的精神品格,文章最終禮讚的就是向死而生的精神與品格。那么,文章是如何體現這一主旨的呢?
我們先來了解一下什麼是“
向死而生”。“
向死而生”(Being-towards-death)是著名
哲學家海德格爾提出的,它指的不是活著的人與等候在生命盡頭的死亡之間的一種外在關係,人們不是一步步走向還在遠處尚未到場的死亡,而是在我們的“走向”本身中死亡已經在場;或者說,向死而生的“向”,實質上就是死亡的存在本身的顯現,人始終以向死而生的方式存在著。
在
海德格爾看來,生與死難分難棄,生命不是逃避死亡,而是面向死亡,正因為此,才更顯現出生的重要性。死實際上成了生的前提,而生是死的結局。這樣的辯證分析有些難於理解,實際上正體現了
哲學家積極的人生觀,即知死守生、視死而生、輕死重生。
而在這篇《鳥啼》中,作者表現了對生與死的思考,但在“
向死而生”的這一主旨時卻有了一定的困難。這就需要我們將這篇文章的思路理出來。為了更好的理解這篇文章,筆者參考另一翻譯版本(於紅遠譯,題為《鳥鳴啾啾》,見《
勞倫斯隨筆集》
四川文藝出版社1996年版,以下簡稱“川版”)。
文章圍繞著“死”與“生”這兩個哲學命題,分別以“冬天”和“春天”為象徵,以鳥啼的遲鈍、緩慢和鳥啼的明快、悅耳為表現。
作者首先呈現給讀者的是嚴寒的冬天,是殘酷的死亡,“數不清的腐鳥的血衣”給讀者以極大的視覺衝擊,從而帶來強大的心靈震撼。
而就在這樣的環境中,鳥啼聲慢慢響起。文章的第2段至第5段通過鳥啼具體去表現
死與生。“緩慢而笨拙地發出咕咕的叫聲”、“這聲音顯得有些吃力”、“傳出野鳥微弱的啼鳴”、“隱約而清越的聲音”、“那小小的清越之聲”、“它們的啼鳴,雖然含糊,若斷若續,卻把明快而萌發的聲音拋向蒼穹”“閃動出鳥兒的啼鳴”“它活潑,像泉水,從那裡,春天慢慢滴落又噴涌而出”“凝成悅耳的聲音”等,鳥啼聲總的來說,可以概括為兩個方面:一是微弱、隱約、含糊;二是清越、明快、悅耳。其原因也就來自於兩個方面,前者是因為冬天巨大的威力還沒有消退,後者是因為春天的到來不可阻遏;前者是因為死亡還在威脅著鳥兒,後者是因為生命的氣息在鼓舞著鳥兒。
在“川版”中,第4段後還有這樣一段話,可以幫助我們更好的鳥啼聲中的這種鬥爭。“這么快地意識到新世界的到來幾乎是一種痛苦了。大地死了,大地萬歲!然後鳥兒們甚至省去了這一宣言的前半部分,它們的叫聲只是一個微弱、盲目、充滿活力的‘萬歲’!”
作者為什麼把“新世界的到來”說成“是一種痛苦”?為什麼“大地死了”,又呼“大地萬歲”?這裡的“大地死了”,是因為“新的大地來臨”,而“新世界的到來”又給生命提出了巨大的挑戰,從鳥兒的表現中,我們可以看到,生比死更加艱難,更富有挑戰,所以作者給鳥兒的叫聲加了三個有意思的定語:“微弱”、“盲目”、“充滿活力”。“微弱”和“充滿活力”代表著“死”與“生”的兩極,“盲目”則源自於作者的擔憂,在作者看來,鳥兒還沒有意識到生命的責任與挑戰,就急忙的啼鳴是盲目的。而這也引發了作者對
死與生的深入思考。
文章的第6段至第8段、第9段至第11段,分別是作者對這一現象的第一重思考和第二重思考。第一重思考側重於從死中走出,第二重思考側重於對生的歌唱。
在第一重思考中,作者都是先從冬天和死亡寫起:“冬天抑制開一切”“那些暴露四野的破碎的鳥屍”“嚴寒中沉悶的響雷”“重壓在我們身上的寒冷”“那些散落遍地、屍身不整的鳥兒腐爛而可怕的景象”。然後寫到春天和生命:“番紅花就會突然間顯現,勝利地搖曳”“我們的心會放出歌聲”“我們聽到了鳥兒們發出的輕柔而歡快的隆隆鼓聲”。在這一部分中,冬天的印記還非常深刻。第7段中“冬天走開了,不管怎樣,我們的心會放出歌聲”,“川版”中是這樣寫的:“如果我們願意的話,我們可以在冬天和毀滅的記憶中再多呆一會兒,但冬天已離開了我們,我們的心不由自主地在落日中吟喔。”“冬天和毀滅”有什麼好留戀的?實際上這裡正是作者對死亡的思考,就像
海德格爾,從死的角度看生,首先研究的是死亡。
第9段和第10段則重點表現了“春天不能抑制”“春天來到我們中間……這喜悅,我們禁不住”,側重於對生的歌唱。第11段是對前兩段的補允說明,它指出冬天和死亡“永遠不是我們最深處真正的自我”,為什麼會得出這個結論?其實這與第9段的一句話翻譯有關。文章第9段說“世界不能選擇”,這個
譯法含糊其辭,究竟是世界不能被選擇,還是世界不能去選擇?相比較而言,“川版”可以讓我們更清楚的了解到作者的意圖:“我們無權選擇世界。我們自己無可選擇。”第一句話是強調了世界的客觀性,第二句話是強調自然(包括人類自身)的客觀性,而客觀性正是我們無法迴避死亡、我們應從死亡中看到生命的原因。所以說春天和生命才是“我們最深處真正的自我”。
文章的第12段至第15段,是作者的第三重思考,經過對生命的死亡和死亡中的新生的思考,作者對
死與生的認識在第12至第15段中得到了總結,並從總結中得到生的啟迪。
在指出“生命和死亡全不相容”之後,作者指出生是對死的替代,生是對死的繼承。這個地方教材的翻譯很有詩意,但也很朦朧,藉助於“川版”,我們就可以很容易理解作者這一段話的用意了:“在有生命的地方,也就沒有死亡,任何死亡都不存在,只有銀色的喜悅,完美的天堂。”
教材的第14段中這樣寫道:“他們全身心地投入了,儘管同伴昨天遭遇了毀滅。它們不能哀傷,不能靜默,不能追隨死亡。”而“川版”是這樣譯的:“即使他全部的同類都在昨天被毀滅了,他也不能哀悼、不能沉默、不能追隨死者而去。他不屬於死,因為生已擁有了它。”“川版”的翻譯更強調了對生的內涵的深刻認識。由此我們也可以看到,作者在這裡是有意識的強調生與死的截然不同,生有著重要的意義與使命。這其實也正是“
向死而生”這思想的具體體現,
海德格爾的目的就是在於激發人們對有限生命積極把握的進取精神,綻放出生命的光彩。
總的來看,《鳥啼》採取了從具體寫到抽象,從死寫到生的順序,突出從死亡走出、對生的歌唱、新生的啟迪這三重思考,可以說是作者對
海德格爾的“
向死而生”的深刻認識和具體詮釋。