相對年代測定

相對年代測定是通過沉積岩層的層序、原始構造、不整合、穿插構造(cross -cutting- structures)和隕石坑來確定的。新的岩層沉積在較老的岩層之上。因此,如果它們沒有被褶皺或斷層擾亂的話,岩層的相對年代可以由它們在層序中的位置確定。

基本介紹

  • 中文名:相對年代測定
  • 外文名:Relative dating
  • 結構:層序、原始構造、不整合
  • 英文:cross -cutting- structures
  • 計算:隕石坑來確定的
  • 層序:新的岩層沉積在較老的岩層之上
概述,方法,層序,原生構造,不整合,穿插結構,生物層序律,英文解釋,

概述

相對年代測定是通過沉積岩層的層序、原始構造、不整合、穿插構造(cross -cutting- structures)和隕石坑來確定的。

方法

層序

新的岩層沉積在較老的岩層之上。因此,如果它們沒有被褶皺或斷層擾亂的話,岩層的相對年代可以由它們在層序中的位置確定。

原生構造

原生構造是在岩石沉積時形成的,有些可以用來確定相對年代。它們包括交錯層理、粒級層、波痕、化石和枕狀熔岩等。交錯層理可以由風或地下水流所形成,交錯層理的角度可以從水平到40°。侵蝕作用可削平這些層的頂部,使之呈截頂狀。但交錯層理的底層一般平行於層的底面。這樣,交錯層截頂面與其上交錯層切線的相對位置,可用來建立某一沉積岩系的相對年代。而且交錯層的凹面一般面向新層(頂部)。在粒級層中,從一個單層的底到頂,其粒級出現由粗到細的變化。粒級層是由間歇性的海底底流形成,最常見的是由濁流而成。濁流是攜帶沉積物的高密度水體。水流沿斜坡急速奔流而下,當水流變緩時,粗粒物質首先沉積,小的顆粒依次沉積。因此,在一個層中的粒級向頂面逐漸變小。

不整合

在很多沉積岩序列里 , 不是所有的原始沉積物都能保存下來。上升可以形成侵蝕面,然後又被新沉積物所覆蓋,這種埋藏的侵蝕面稱為不整合(unconformity)。可以用它來確定地層的相對年代。主要的不整合有非整合(nonconformity)、角度不整合(angular unconformity)、 平行不整合(disconformity)和小間斷(diastems)。非整合是指沉積岩覆蓋在較老的變質岩或深成火成岩之上。角度不整合將年輕的、變形較輕的沉積岩同傾斜或褶皺的沉積岩分開,不整合面上、下兩層之間有一角度差異。平行不整合是基本上互相平行的岩層之間有起伏不平的埋藏侵蝕面。如果化石證明兩岩層在時代上有明顯差別,則可判定在該兩層之間曾有間斷髮生。沉積作用的這種短期間隔,稱為小間斷或沉積間斷。

穿插結構

穿插火成侵入岩(如岩脈、岩株和岩基)總是比被它們所侵入的最新岩層還要年輕,而比不整合覆蓋在它上面的最老岩層要老。如果兩個侵入岩接觸 , 火成侵入岩的相對時代由穿插關係也可確定,一般是年輕的侵入岩脈穿過較老的侵入岩。若岩層沿斷層發生了位移 ,其移動的相對時間也可以確定。斷層的最後位移必然是出現在因斷層而錯位的最新岩層沉積之後,又在不整合覆蓋斷層的最老岩層沉積之前。
同樣,岩系褶皺的時代總是要比受褶皺的最年輕岩層晚,而比未褶皺的、蓋在上面的最老岩層早。一個岩系變質的時代總是比變質的最年輕岩層要晚,而比覆蓋在上面未遭受變質的最老岩層要早。

生物層序律

生物的演變是從簡單到複雜,從低級到高級,不斷進化和發展的。因此,一般說來,地層年代越新其中含生物就越進步、越複雜。另一方面,不同時期的地層中含有不同類型的化石及其組合,而相同時期且在相同地理環境下所形成的地層,不論相距多遠都含有相同化石或化石組合。
根據生物組合面貌可以反推地層的大概年齡,經過長年研究,古生物學家篩選出一系列化石或化石組合作為標準化石,用之確定地層時代,如筆石類常作為奧陶、志留紀的標準化石。
沉積岩中的碳酸鈣濃度,在年代上表現出了明顯的周期性。

英文解釋

Relative dating, which is less precise than absolutedating, yielding estimated age only in terms ofwhether the specimen/site of interest is older oryounger than another specimen/site of a morefirmly determined age.
Important relative dating techniques include:
Stratigraphic analysis (or, stratigraphy) – This is a basic, fundamental aspect of the archaeological,or paleoanthropological, analysis of a site. Stratigraphic analysis of a siteinvolves documenting the layering ofgeological sediments, one on top ofanother (in what archaeologistsrefer to as a “sediment column”, or“stratigraphic horizon”), andestablishing (and mapping) therelative placement of anystratigraphic level(s) containingarchaeological orpaleoanthropological materialwithin the order that geologicdeposits were laid down. Stratigraphic analysis employs abasic principle known as the Law of Superposition ‐‐sediments that lie at the lowestlevels of a sediment column areassumed to be the oldest, whileoverlying sediments higher inthe sediment column areinterpreted as being younger(as they were deposited after,and on top of, the olderunderlying sediment strata). For example, if an artifact or fossil was found under a stratum (i.e.,layer) of volcanic ash sediments, the volcanic ash deposit could bedated using the argon‐argon absolute dating technique. Thiswould serve as a reference point for the relative dating of theartifact/fossil found in a sediment layer below the volcanic ash.That is, based on the Law of Superposition, the artifact/fossillying below the volcanic ash would be interpreted as being olderthan the absolute age that was determined for the ash layer (inthis case, the volcanic ash layer could be said to act as a markerbed in the interpretation of the site).
Biostratigraphy (or, faunal correlation) –This relative dating technique makes use of faunal (i.e., animal) fossilremains to infer an approximate age for a site (e.g., a hominin site). As many fossil animal species as possible are identified (and someparticular fossil lineages, such as pigs and elephants, are especiallyuseful because fossil species in these lineages are both very distinctive intheir morphology and occur only in certain stages of the fossil record ‐‐that is, they have relatively “short” evolutionary occurrences).Then, knowledge of the temporal occurrence of those fossil species isused to arrive at an estimated span of time where all those fossil specieswould be found together at a given site. This gives the possible age range for the site. The form and/or style of artifacts (such as stone tools orpottery) can also be used as a relative indicator of age.This is done using a technique known as seriation.

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