印太洋瓶鼻海豚。傳統上,寬吻海豚屬只有一個物種,故不能分辨其結構。
基本介紹
- 中文名:寬吻海豚屬
- 外文名:Tursiops
- 分布:印太洋
- 物種:只有一個
分類
印太洋瓶鼻海豚。寬吻海豚(T.truncatus):分布在熱帶至溫帶的海洋。身體呈灰色,配以藍灰色、褐灰色或近黑色的陰影。吻背至背鰭後一般較為深色;
印太洋瓶鼻海豚(T.aduncus):分布在近印度、北澳洲、南中國、紅海及非洲東岸的海域。背部呈深灰色,腹部呈淺灰色或白色,且有灰色斑點。
以下的有時被認為是寬吻海豚的亞種:
太平洋寬吻海豚(T.gillii或T.truncatusgillii):分布在太平洋,由眼睛至前額有一道黑線。
黑海寬吻海豚(T.truncatusponticus):分布在黑海。
寬吻海豚在西北大西洋有兩個生態型:即較淺水或近岸的生態型及離岸的生態型。它們的分布地重疊,但遺傳基因上各有不同。不過,它們並沒有被描述為不同的物種或亞種。一般而言,它們具有足夠的群落遺傳變異來描述為獨立的物種。
寬吻海豚屬一些遺傳學證據指印太洋瓶鼻海豚屬於細吻海豚屬,因其外觀較像花斑原海豚而多於寬吻海豚。
在夏威夷的鯨豚。
混種
特徵
寬吻海豚屬的壽命可以多過40歲。不過在美國佛羅里達州薩拉索塔(Sarasota)的研究卻發現它們只有平20歲或更少的壽命。
構造
寬吻海豚屬的噴氣孔。寬吻海豚屬上下顎每邊各有18-28顆錐狀牙齒。
生理及感官
回聲定位
視覺
嗅覺
溝通
智慧
認知
聲音及行為模仿
工具使用
在南澳洲州近阿德萊德,寬吻海豚屬會以尾巴在水面上「行走」,即將身體上半部直立於水面之上,以尾巴推動身體運動。這可以是源自人類的訓練。於1980年代,一條雌海豚被當地的海豚館收留了3星期,而科學家認為它於此時模仿了其他海豚的行為。另外兩條雌性海豚亦模仿了它的動作。
皮層神經元
生活史
寬吻海豚半睡狀態下也可以呼吸。當睡覺時,它們其中一邊腦會繼續運作,而另一邊則停止。活躍的腦部可以處理浮潛及呼吸的行為。它們每日睡覺約8小時。睡覺時它們會留在近水面慢游,間歇閉起一隻眼睛。
繁殖
雄性會互相爭競到雌性前。它們之間可以是互相打鬥或阻止雌性與其他雄性接觸。它們以腹向腹來交配。雌性也會未在動情周期時進行交配。
繁殖季節時,雄性會出現很多變化。雄性的睪丸會變大,以儲存更多的精子。大量精子可以沖走前者的精子,並讓卵子受精。它們的精子的濃度也會提高,以減少浪費精子。雄性的睪丸與身體比例較大。
妊娠期平均為12個月。一年只會生一胎,高峰期是於較溫暖的季節。幼生於淺水區出生,出生時有雄性助產,每次多都只會生一條。有時有可能會有孿生,但很稀有。新生的寬吻海豚長0.8-1.4米及重9-30公斤;而印太洋瓶鼻海豚一般都較為細小。
為加速護理,母親會從乳腺噴出乳汁。幼生的會吃奶18-20個月,並會靠在母親身邊直至斷奶後的幾年。雌性於5-13歲大就達至性成熟,雄性則要9-14歲。雌性每2-6年會繁殖一次。
雄性寬吻海豚屬會成對或成群的跟隨或限制雌性活動達幾星期之久,待她適合交配。
社群關係
寬吻海豚屬的社群行為與覓食無關。在撒丁島,魚類養殖場影響著寬吻海豚屬的分布。
食性
它們錐狀的牙齒可以咬住而非咀嚼食物。當遇到魚群時,它們會合作將獵物逼到近岸區域以增加收穫。它們也會獨自覓食,一般都以底棲物種為目標。它們有時以尾巴擊打小魚,將之打出水面。
在地中海,寬吻海豚屬會與近岸漁民有衝突。由於漁網有密集的食物供應,故寬吻海豚有可能會被漁網所吸引。
寬吻海豚屬在近南卡羅來納州海岸會傳授覓食的技巧。當一群寬吻海豚屬發現魚群時,它們會圍起魚群。它們會將身體貼近泥床,逼魚群也貼近泥床。它們會爬到兩邊吃衝上岸的魚類。
與其他物種關係
在蘇格蘭殺死鼠海豚的寬吻海豚屬。寬吻海豚屬也會帶有攻擊性。雄性會為地位及與雌性交配而打鬥。在繁殖季節,雄性會互相激烈地競爭。它們對鯊魚、某些殺人鯨及較細小的海豚會表現攻擊性。在蘇格蘭對出的群落是會殺嬰的,並且會攻擊及殺死鼠海豚。研究發現它們並非獵食,而只為減低對食物的競爭。在愛爾蘭也觀察到相似的行為。
寬吻海豚屬有時會與其他海豚科物種組成混合群落,尤其是短肢領航鯨、偽虎鯨及灰海豚。它們與較細小的物種也有互動,如花斑原海豚及糙齒海豚。這些互動有時較為親和,但也會帶有攻擊性。
掠食者
寬吻海豚屬成群一起時可以保護自己。它們可以使用複雜的逃避方式,或排擠技術對抗掠食者。
互動
在海岸區,寬吻海豚屬很易撞上船隻。研究人員將獨行的寬吻海豚屬在船隻出沒與否時潛水行為量化了。它們對回應旅客而多於捕魚船。船隻的航行、速度、引擎類型及分隔距離均會影響它們的安全。
寬吻海豚屬在很多水族箱都會進行表演,引發很多爭論。一些動物福利的活躍分子指它們沒有獲得足夠的空間或照顧。但是有指它們已得到適當的照顧及享受與人類的關係。
殘疾兒童的治療包括與寬吻海豚屬的互動。
在巴西拉古那(Laguna),寬吻海豚屬會將魚群引到站在淺水區的漁民處。當漁民放出漁網時,一條海豚會翻轉。它們就會吃逃走的魚類。它們沒有受任何訓練,最初於1847年出現。相似的情況在非洲的茅利塔尼亞也有出現。
威脅
全氟辛基磺酸會影響寬吻海豚屬的免疫系統。只要91.5十億分率就足以影響雄性老鼠的免疫系統;而只要多於1百萬分率就可以影響寬吻海豚屬。
在全球很多地區都發現寬吻海豚屬的組織內有高含量的金屬污染物。於南澳洲州的寬吻海豚屬就含有大量的鎘及汞,是令其腎衰竭等的元兇。
保育
在美國水域,獵殺及騷擾海生哺乳動物是禁止的。國際海豚貿易也有嚴格限制。
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