安提瓜海軍造船廠及其相關的考古遺址由一組喬治亞海軍建築組成，這些建築位於一個有圍牆的圍牆內，位於自然發生的一系列狹窄的海灣中，周圍環繞著高地，在那裡建造了防禦性防禦工事。造船廠及其相關設施建立在歐洲國家爭奪海洋霸權以控制東加勒比地區利潤豐厚的產糖島嶼的時候。安提瓜作為前線海軍造船廠設施的位置使英國海軍在歷史的關鍵時刻比其競爭對手具有戰略優勢。
2016年7月17日，聯合國教科文組織宣布，將安提瓜海軍造船廠及相關考古遺址收入世界文化遺產名錄。
基本介紹
- 中文名：安提瓜海軍造船廠及相關考古遺址
- 外文名：Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites
- Property：255 ha
- Buffer zone：3873 ha
- Ref：1499
- 級別：世界文化遺產（2016年）
- 所在國家：Antigua and Barbuda
簡述,標準,保護和管理要求,英文介紹,Brief synthesis,Criterion (iv),Integrity,Authenticity,Protection and management requirements,
簡述
安提瓜海軍造船廠及其相關的考古遺址由一組喬治亞海軍建築組成，這些建築位於一個有圍牆的圍牆內，位於自然發生的一系列狹窄的海灣中，周圍環繞著高地，在那裡建造了防禦性防禦工事。造船廠及其相關設施建立在歐洲國家爭奪海洋霸權以控制東加勒比地區利潤豐厚的產糖島嶼的時候。安提瓜作為前線海軍造船廠設施的位置使英國海軍在歷史的關鍵時刻比其競爭對手具有戰略優勢。
安提瓜海軍造船廠的建造和運營是通過被奴役的非洲人的勞動力和技能實現的，他們的貢獻對於建立設施以及更廣泛地促進大英帝國的發展，貿易和工業化至關重要。
標準
安提瓜海軍造船廠及其相關考古遺址在加勒比地區以及該地區與大英國協其他地區之間的一段時間內展示了人類價值觀的重要交流，涉及建築，技術和自然開發的發展用於戰略軍事目的的地形特徵。被奴役的非洲人為英國海軍和軍隊服務，為大英帝國的發展，貿易和工業化建設起了至關重要的設施。喬治亞時期的建築和考古結構及遺蹟證明了他們的努力，並繼續影響其後代的建築，社會和經濟發展。
安提瓜海軍造船廠特別展示了英國海軍部建築原型如何適應極端氣候，加勒比地區建造這些建築物的經驗教訓隨後成功套用於其他殖民地。在這個交匯處最突出的證人中，克拉倫斯宮展示了英格蘭喬治亞建築如何被修改以適應炎熱的熱帶氣候和抵禦疾病的威脅，以及殖民地加勒比喬治亞建築的出現; 官員宿舍和高級官員館通過增加風暴百葉窗和陽台等功能，展示如何改造建築形式，以適應加勒比地區的氣候。
安提瓜海軍造船廠及其相關考古遺址的整體布局和建造利用了該地區的自然屬性（英國港口的深水，保護海灣的山丘系列，鋸齒狀的輪廓）在歐洲列強開戰以擴大其在加勒比地區的影響範圍的時期，海岸線和狹窄的入口。總而言之，該物業是加勒比地區喬治亞海軍設施的傑出典範。
安提瓜海軍造船廠及其相關的考古遺址展示了18世紀領先的海軍力量的殖民化和思想的全球傳播，建築形式和技術，以及利用建築的有利地理形態特徵和防禦戰略化合物。
保護和管理要求
自1984年以來，安提瓜海軍造船廠和相關考古遺址一直受到國家公園法的保護，並由國家公園管理局（NPA）管理。最近批准的新“環境管理法案”（2015年）即將出台的新“遺產法案”，“物理規劃法案”（2003年）以及“安提瓜和土地使用或物質發展計畫”獲得了進一步的法律保護手段。巴布達'，它定義和建立適當土地使用區。建築指南旨在確定歷史建築和考古遺蹟的保護干預措施，並為新建築和新指南制定標準; 關於造船廠潛在的水下文化遺產的高標準也是必需的。
該系統依賴於國家公園發展和管理計畫，該計畫是根據“安提瓜和巴布達國家公園法”（1984年）第10（2）小節的規定專門編制的。管理計畫及其目標和運營工具（土地利用分區計畫，行動計畫，保護計畫，行銷計畫，指南等）形成一個綜合管理框架，需要關注安提瓜海軍造船廠的突出普遍價值和相關的考古遺址，以確保其作為世界遺產的有效管理。
英文介紹
Brief synthesis
The Antigua Naval Dockyard and its Related Archaeological Sites consists of a group of Georgian Naval structures, set within a walled enclosure, on a naturally-occurring series of deep narrow bays surrounded by highlands on which defensive fortifications were constructed. The Dockyard and its related facilities were built at a time when European nations were battling for supremacy of the seas to obtain control over the lucrative sugar-producing islands of the Eastern Caribbean. Antigua’s location as a front-line naval dockyard facility gave the British navy a strategic advantage over its rivals at a crucial point in history.
The construction and operation of the Antigua Naval Dockyard were made possible through the labour and skills of enslaved Africans, whose contribution was crucial for the establishment of the facility and, more widely, for the development of the British Empire, trade and industrialization.
Criterion (ii): The Antigua Naval Dockyard and its Related Archaeological Sites exhibit an important exchange of human values over a span of time within the Caribbean and between this region and the rest of the Commonwealth, on developments in architecture, technology and exploitation of natural topographical features for strategic military purposes. The enslaved Africans toiling in the service of the British navy and army built and worked the facilities that were critical to the development of the British Empire, trade and industrialization. The Georgian Period buildings and the archaeological structures and remains stand as testimony to their efforts and continue to influence the architectural, social and economic development of their descendants.
The Antigua Naval Dockyard exceptionally shows how British Admiralty building prototypes were adapted to cope with extremes of climate, and the lessons learnt in the Caribbean in erecting such buildings were subsequently successfully applied in other colonies. Among the most prominent witnesses of this interchange, Clarence House demonstrates how English Georgian architecture was modified to suit the hot tropical climate and to counter the threat of disease, and the emergence of a distinctly colonial Caribbean Georgian architecture; and the Officers’ Quarters and the Senior Officer’s House demonstrate how building forms were adapted, by the addition of features such as storm shutters and verandas, to suit the climate of the Caribbean. Few other sites demonstrate this transition from British prototypes to the use of colonial building forms as clearly as the Antigua Naval Dockyard.
Criterion (iv)
The ensemble of the Antigua Naval Dockyard and its Related Archaeological Sites were laid down and built exploiting the natural attributes of the area (the deep waters of English Harbour, the series of hills protecting the bay, the jagged contours of the coastline, and the narrow entrance) in a period when European powers were at war to expand their spheres of influence in the Caribbean. Altogether, the property represents an outstanding example of a Georgian naval facility in the Caribbean context.
The Antigua Naval Dockyard and its Related Archaeological Sites demonstrate the process of colonization and the global spread of ideas, building forms and technologies by a leading naval power in the 18th century, as well as the exploitation of favourable geo-morphological features for the construction and defence of a strategic compound.
Integrity
The inscribed area (255 ha) coincides with the former Naval Dockyard installations and its related former supporting/defensive compounds, which have been in continuous use since 1725. The partially-walled Dockyard includes an important number of historical buildings, whereas the related former supporting/defensive compounds comprise several structures nowadays reduced to archaeological remains. The property still retains its visual integrity and the visual relationships and dynamics between the Dockyard complex (down at sea level) and the former military structures (in the surrounding hills) are still recognizable. Most of the buildings at the Dockyard have either been restored/repaired (fairly recently) or are scheduled to undergo restoration in the near future. On the other hand, archaeological structures outside the Dockyard exhibit an uneven state of conservation that will benefit from a comprehensive conservation strategy based on the adoption of a minimal intervention approach.
Authenticity
The Dockyard is located on its original site and continues to be embedded in the same original setting. The buildings within were all originally built between the 18th and 19th centuries and retain their original form and design. Most of them even retain their use and function, and those which do not are used for similar and/or compatible functions. The authenticity of the property in terms of materials, craftsmanship and design will benefit from a continuous cooperation amongst conservation architects, architectural historians and archaeologists in the conception of conservation programmes, projects and works. Archaeological remains are still embedded in a setting which is comparable to the original one; many of the fortifications and supporting facilities retain their original materials and their visual interrelations. Their form and design have not been altered and can be appreciated through archaeology, historical research, consolidation, stabilization and interpretation. The informative potential of archaeological vestiges is overall retained; however, protection and maintenance strategies should be set up in order to avoid further loss of historic substance.
Protection and management requirements
The Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites have been protected as a National Park since 1984 under the National Parks Act and managed by the National Parks Authority (NPA). Further means of legal protection are obtained by the recently approved new ‘Environmental Management Bill’ (2015) the forthcoming new ‘Heritage Act’, the ‘Physical Planning Act’ (2003), and the ‘Land Use or Physical Development Plan for Antigua and Barbuda’, which defines and establishes zones for appropriate land use. Building Guidelines have been designed to orient conservation interventions of historical buildings and archaeological remains and to set standards for new architecture and new guidelines; high standards regarding the Dockyard’s potential Underwater Cultural Heritage are also needed.
The system relies on the National Parks Development and Management Plan, which is specifically prepared under the provisions of sub-section 10 (2) of the Antigua and Barbuda National Parks Act (1984). The Management Plan, with its objectives and its operational instruments (land use zoning plan, action plan, conservation plan, marketing plan, guidelines, etc.) forms an integrated management framework that needs to focus on the Outstanding Universal Value of the Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites so as to ensure its effective management as a World Heritage property.
