里約宣言

《里約宣言》是《里約環境與發展宣言》的簡稱。該宣言於1992年6月14日聯合國環境與發展大會的最後一天通過。《宣言》旨在為各國在環境與發展領域採取行動和開展國際合作提供指導原則，規定一般義務。

基本介紹

• 中文名：里約熱內盧環境與發展宣言
• 外文名：Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
• 簽訂時間：1992
• 別名：里約宣言

簡介

《里約宣言》，全稱是：《里約熱內盧環境與發展宣言》。1992年，在巴西里約熱內盧召開的聯合國環境與發展大會上，183個國家、102位國家元首和政府首腦、70個國際組織就可持續發展的道路達成共識，正式通過了《里約熱內盧環境與發展宣言》（簡稱《里約宣言》）。這標誌著人類發展模式實現了一次歷史性飛躍，由此創造了農業文明、工業文明之後又一個新文明時代的到來。

《里約宣言》由序言和27項原則所組成。序言說明了環發大會舉行的時間、地點和通過該宣言的目的等。原則1至原則3，宣布了人類享有環境權，各國享有自然資源的主權和發展權；原則4至原則21，分別規定了國際社會和各個國家在保護環境和實現可持續發展方面應採取的各項措施；原則22至23，是關於土著居民及受壓迫、統治和占領的人民，環境權益要加以特殊保護的規定；原則24至26，是關於戰爭、和平與環境和發展關係的規定；原則27呼籲"各國和人民應誠意地本著夥伴精神，合作實現本宣言所體現的各項原則，並促進可持續發展方面國際法的進一步發展"。

《里約宣言》是繼《人類環境宣言》和《奈洛比宣言》以後又一個有關環境保護的世界性宣言，它不僅重申了前兩個宣言所規定的國際性環境保護的一系列原則、制度和措施，而且又有了新的發展。該宣言體現了冷戰後新的國際關係下各國對於環境與發展問題的新認識，反映了世界各國攜手保護人類環境的共同願望，是國際環境保護史上的一個新的里程碑。

宣言原則

Principle 1

Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

人類處在關注持續發展的中心。他們有權同大自然協調一致從事健康的、創造財富的生活。

Principle 2

States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

各國根據聯合國憲章和國際法原則有至高無上的權利按照它們自己的環境和發展政策開發它們自己的資源，並有責任保證在它們管轄或控制範圍內的活動不對其它國家或不在其管轄範圍內的地區的環境造成危害

Principle 3

The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.

必須履行發展的權利，以便公正合理地滿足當代和世世代代的發展與環境需要。

Principle 4

In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.

為了達到持續發展，環境保護應成為發展進程中的一個組成部分，不能同發展進程孤立開看待。

Principle 5

All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world.

各國和各國人民應該在消除貧窮這個基本任務方面進行合作，這是持續發展必不可少的條件，目的是縮小生活水平的懸殊和更好地滿足世界上大多數人的需要。

Principle 6

The special situation and needs of developing countries, particularly the least developed and those most environmentally vulnerable, shall be given special priority. International actions in the field of environment and development should also address the interests and needs of all countries.

開發中國家，尤其是最不已開發國家和那些環境最易受到損害的國家的特殊情況和需要，應給予特別優先的考慮。在環境和發展領域採取的國際行動也應符合各國的利益和需要。

Principle 7

States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit to sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command.

原則七：各國應本著全球夥伴關係的精神進行合作，以維持、保護和恢復地球生態系統的健康和完整。鑒於造成全球環境退化的原因不同，各國負有程度不同的共同責任。已開發國家承認，鑒於其社會對全球環境造成的壓力和它們掌握的技術和資金，它們在國際尋求持續發展的進程中承擔著責任。

Principle 8

To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic（人口統計的） policies.

原則八：為了實現持續發展和提高所有人的生活質量，各國應減少和消除不能持續的生產和消費模式和倡導適當的人口政策。

Principle 9

States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous [en’dɔdʒənəs](內生的) capacity-building for sustainable development by improving scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the development, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies.

原則九：各國應進行合作，通過科技知識交流提高科學認識和加強包括新技術和革新技術在內的技術的開發、適應、推廣和轉讓，從而加強為持續發展形成的內生能力。

Principle 10

Environmental issues are best handled with participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.

原則十：環境問題最好在所有有關公民在有關一級的參加下加以處理。在國家一級，每個人應有適當的途徑獲得有關公共機構掌握的環境問題的信息，其中包括關於他們的社區內有害物質和活動的信息，而且每個人應有機會參加決策過程。各國應廣泛地提供信息，從而促進和鼓勵公眾的了解和參與。應提供採用司法和行政程式的有效途徑，其中包括賠償和補救措施。

Principle 11

States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental standards, management objectives and priorities should reflect the environmental and development context to which they apply. Standards applied by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries.

原則十一：各國應制訂有效的環境立法。環境標準、管理目標和重點應反映它們所套用到的環境和發展範圍。某些國家套用的標準也許對其他國家，尤其是開發中國家不合適，對它們造成不必要的經濟和社會損失 .

Principle 12

States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral （單邊的。multilateral 多邊的）actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international consensus.

原則十二：各國應進行合作以促進一個支持性的和開放的國際經濟體系，這個體系將導致所有國家的經濟成長和持續發展，更好地處理環境退化的問題。為環境目的採取的貿易政策措施不應成為一種任意的或不合理的歧視的手段，或成為一種對國際貿易的隱性限制。應避免採取單方面行動去處理進口國管轄範圍以外的環境挑戰。處理跨國界的或全球的環境問題的環境措施，應該儘可能建立在國際一致的基礎上。

Principle 13

States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental damage. States shall also cooperate in an expeditious and more determined manner to develop further international law regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of environmental damage caused by activities within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction.

原則十三:各國應制訂有關對污染的受害者和其他環境損害負責和賠償的國家法律。各國還應以一種迅速的和更果斷的方式進行合作，以進步制訂有關對在它們管轄或控制範圍之內的活動對它們管轄範圍之外的地區造成的環境損害帶來的不利影響負責和賠償的國際法。

Principle 14

States should effectively cooperate to discourage or prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of any activities and substances that cause severe environmental degradation or are found to be harmful to human health.

原則十四:各國應有效地進行合作，以阻止或防止把任何會造成嚴重環境退化或查明對人健康有害的活動和物質遷移和轉移到其他國家去。

Principle 15

In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

原則十五:為了保護環境，各國應根據它們的能力廣泛採取預防性措施。凡有可能造成嚴重的或不可挽回的損害的地方，不能把缺乏充分的科學肯定性作為推遲採取防止環境退化的費用低廉的措施的理由。

Principle 16

National authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment.

原則十六:國家當局考慮到造成污染者在原則上應承擔污染的費用並適當考慮公共利益而不打亂國際貿易和投資的方針，應努力倡導環境費用內在化和使用經濟手段。

Principle 17

Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national authority.

原則十七:應對可能會對環境產生重大不利影響的活動和要由--個有關國家機構作決定的活動作環境影響評估，作為一個國家手段。

Principle 18

States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters or other emergencies that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of those States. Every effort shall be made by the international community to help States so afflicted.

原則十八：各國應把任何可能對其他國家的環境突然產生有害影響的自然災害或其他意外事件立即通知那些國家。國際社會應盡一切努力幫助受害的國家。

Principle 19

States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to potentially affected States on activities that may have a significant adverse transboundary environmental effect and shall consult with those States at an early stage and in good faith.

原則十九:各國應事先和及時地向可能受影響的國家提供關於可能會產生重大的跨邊界有害環境影響的活動的通知和信息，並在初期真誠地與那些國家磋商。

Principle 20

Women have a vital role in environmental management and development. Their full participation is therefore essential to achieve sustainable development.

原則二十:婦女在環境管理和發展中起著極其重要的作用。因此，她們充分參加這項工作對取得持續發展極其重要。

Principle 23

The environment and natural resources of people under oppression, domination and occupation shall be protected.

原則二十三:應保護處在壓迫、統治和占領下的人民的環境和自然資源。

Principle 24

Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as necessary.

原則二十四:戰爭本來就是破壞持續發展的。因此各國應遵守規定在武裝衝突時期保護環境的國際法，並為在必要對進一步制訂國際法而進行合作。

Principle 25

Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.

原則二十五:和平、發展和環境保護是相互依存的和不可分割的。

Principle 26

States shall resolve all their environmental disputes peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

原則二十六:各國應根據聯合國憲章通過適當的辦法和平地解決它們所有的環境爭端。

Principle 27

States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of partnership in the fulfilment of the principles embodied in this Declaration and in the further development of international law in the field of sustainable development.

原則二十七:各國和人民應真誠地本著夥伴關係的精神進行合作，貫徹執行本宣言中所體現的原則，進一步制訂持續發展領域內的國際法

Source: Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 5-16 June 1972

(United Nations publication, Sales No. E.73.II.A.14 and corrigendum), chap. I.